Mitigating a global expansion of toxic cyanobacterial blooms: confounding effects and challenges posed by climate change
Hans W. Paerl A B F , Karl. E. Havens C , Nathan. S Hall A , Timothy G. Otten D , Mengyuan Zhu E , Hai Xu E , Guangwei Zhu E and Boqiang Qin E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA.
B College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, PR China.
C Florida Sea Grant and University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
D Bend Genetics, Sacramento, CA 95825, USA.
E State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China.
F Corresponding author. Email: hpaerl@email.unc.edu
Marine and Freshwater Research 71(5) 579-592 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF18392
Submitted: 16 October 2018 Accepted: 11 January 2019 Published: 26 March 2019
Abstract
Managing and mitigating the global expansion of toxic cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) is a major challenge facing researchers and water resource managers. Various approaches, including nutrient load reduction, artificial mixing and flushing, omnivorous fish removal, algaecide applications and sediment dredging, have been used to reduce bloom occurrences. However, managers now face the additional challenge of having to address the effects of climate change on watershed hydrological and nutrient load dynamics, water temperature, mixing regime and internal nutrient cycling. Rising temperatures and increasing frequencies and magnitudes of extreme weather events, including tropical cyclones, extratropical storms, floods and droughts, all promote CyanoHABs and affect the efficacy of ecosystem remediation measures. These climatic changes will likely require setting stricter nutrient (including both nitrogen and phosphorus) reduction targets for bloom control in affected waters. In addition, the efficacy of currently used methods to reduce CyanoHABs will need to be re-evaluated in light of the synergistic effects of climate change with nutrient enrichment.
Additional keywords: cyanobacterial harmful algal bloom dynamics, CyanoHAB dynamics, mitigation and management strategies, nutrients.
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