Molecular characteristics of organic matter obtained from biochar by carbon disulfide/acetone synergistic extraction
Xin Guo A B , Shijia Li
A B , Yongzhen Chai B , Jing Wei C , Chengbin Xu A * and Fei Guo B *
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A School of Environment, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110036, China.
B State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
C Gansu Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
Environmental Chemistry 19(2) 82-89 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN22049
Submitted: 16 May 2022 Accepted: 4 July 2022 Published: 8 August 2022
© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing.
Environmental context. Novel insight into BEOMcc is provided by fractionation and FTICR MS. Sub-fractions of biochar were extracted due to the chemical properties of the organic solvents. BEOMcc has a carbon fixation effect, and so is likely beneficial to the growth of plants and microorganisms.
Rationale. Since carbon disulfide (CS2) has a strong penetrating ability and acetone (CH3COCH3) can dissolve tiny biochar particles, a mixture of these compounds may efficiently extract organic matter from biochar. The extraction efficacy and structural features of a mixture of CH3COCH3 and CS2 (1:1) were tested in this study. Π–Π interactions between CS2 and CH3COCH3 increase the solubility of organic matter in the extraction process.
Methodology. We used a mixture of CH3COCH3 and CS2 (1:1) to extract organic matter from soybean straw biochar (BEOMcc) and applied Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR MS) for analysis.
Results. We found that CS2/CH3COCH3 tended to extract refractory substances, and the resulting extract contained a higher number of heteroatoms than the CS2-extractable fraction (1.34 times).
Discussion. The H/C ratio of BEOMcc is lower than that of CS2- and CH3COCH3-extractable components. The aromatic component of BEOMcc accounts for 52.47%, which is higher than the contribution to CS2-extractable organic matter of approximately 49.9%. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon component of BEOMcc is beneficial to improving soil stability. The organic matter fraction of BEOMcc has a lower H/C ratio. The C/N ratio of BEOMcc is lower than that of the CS2- and CH3COCH3-extractable components. This result reveals that BEOMcc may provide a significant environmental benefit. The polarity of BEOMcc is between that of CS2- and CH3COCH3-extractable components.
Implications for future research. In this study, the composition of BEOMcc was assessed at the molecular level, and the extraction method was continuously improved to provide more extraction options for the study of biochar–pollutant interactions. This method can be used to extract organic matter that is difficult to extract by conventional methods, which is more closely bound to the biochar framework. It can provide a technical basis for the in‐depth characterisation and utilisation of biochar organic matter.
Keywords: environmental benefits, FTICR MS, labile carbon, mixed organic solvent, molecular characteristics, nitrogen cycle, ultrasonic extraction, van Krevelen.
References
Bakshi S, Banik C, Laird DA (2018). Quantification and characterization of chemically-and thermally-labile and recalcitrant biochar fractions. Chemosphere 194, 247–255.| Quantification and characterization of chemically-and thermally-labile and recalcitrant biochar fractions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chen B, Zhou D, Zhu L (2008). Transitional adsorption and partition of nonpolar and polar aromatic contaminants by biochars of pine needles with different pyrolytic temperatures. Environmental Science & Technology 42, 5137–5143.
| Transitional adsorption and partition of nonpolar and polar aromatic contaminants by biochars of pine needles with different pyrolytic temperatures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dai Z, Li Y, Zhang X, Wu J, Luo Y, Kuzyakov Y, Brookes PC, Xu J (2019). Easily mineralizable carbon in manure‐based biochar added to a soil influences N2O emissions and microbial‐N cycling genes. Land Degradation & Development 30, 406–416.
| Easily mineralizable carbon in manure‐based biochar added to a soil influences N2O emissions and microbial‐N cycling genes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
D’Andrilli J, Cooper WT, Foreman CM, Marshall AG (2015). An ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry index to estimate natural organic matter lability. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 29, 2385–2401.
| An ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry index to estimate natural organic matter lability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fan Q, Sun J, Quan G, Yan J, Gao J, Zou X, Cui L (2020). Insights into the effects of long-term biochar loading on water-soluble organic matter in soil: implications for the vertical co-migration of heavy metals. Environment International 136, 105439
| Insights into the effects of long-term biochar loading on water-soluble organic matter in soil: implications for the vertical co-migration of heavy metals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Feng Y, He H, Xue L, Liu Y, Sun H, Guo Z, Wang Y, Zheng X (2021). The inhibiting effects of biochar-derived organic materials on rice production. Journal of Environmental Management 293, 112909
| The inhibiting effects of biochar-derived organic materials on rice production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
García-Jaramillo M, Trippe KM, Helmus R, Knicker HE, Cox L, Hermosín MC, Parsons JR, Kalbitz K (2020). An examination of the role of biochar and biochar water-extractable substances on the sorption of ionizable herbicides in rice paddy soils. Science of The Total Environment 706, 135682
| An examination of the role of biochar and biochar water-extractable substances on the sorption of ionizable herbicides in rice paddy soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gorovtsov AV, Minkina TM, Mandzhieva SS, Perelomov LV, Soja G, Zamulina IV, Rajput VD, Sushkova SN, Mohan D, Yao J (2020). The mechanisms of biochar interactions with microorganisms in soil. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 42, 2495–2518.
| The mechanisms of biochar interactions with microorganisms in soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Guo F, Qin S, Xu L, Bai Y, Xing B (2020). Thermal degradation features of soil humic acid sub-fractions in pyrolytic treatment and their relation to molecular signatures. Science of The Total Environment 749, 142318
| Thermal degradation features of soil humic acid sub-fractions in pyrolytic treatment and their relation to molecular signatures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hale SE, Lehmann J, Rutherford D, Zimmerman AR, Bachmann RT, Shitumbanuma V, O’Toole A, Sundqvist KL, Arp HPH, Cornelissen G (2012). Quantifying the total and bioavailable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dioxins in biochars. Environmental Science & Technology 46, 2830–2838.
| Quantifying the total and bioavailable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dioxins in biochars.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Han M, Zhao Q, Li W, Ciais P, Wang Y-P, Goll DS, Zhu L, Zhao Z, Wang J, Wei Y, Wu F (2021). Global soil organic carbon changes and economic revenues with biochar application. GCB Bioenergy 14, 364–377.
He D, He C, Li P, Zhang X, Shi Q, Sun Y (2019a). Optical and molecular signatures of dissolved organic matter reflect anthropogenic influence in a coastal river, northeast China. Journal of Environmental Quality 48, 603–613.
| Optical and molecular signatures of dissolved organic matter reflect anthropogenic influence in a coastal river, northeast China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
He L, Shan J, Zhao X, Wang S, Yan X (2019b). Variable responses of nitrification and denitrification in a paddy soil to long-term biochar amendment and short-term biochar addition. Chemosphere 234, 558–567.
| Variable responses of nitrification and denitrification in a paddy soil to long-term biochar amendment and short-term biochar addition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
He C, Zhang Y, Li Y, Zhuo X, Li Y, Zhang C, Shi Q (2020). In-house standard method for molecular characterization of dissolved organic matter by FT-ICR mass spectrometry. ACS Omega 5, 11730–11736.
| In-house standard method for molecular characterization of dissolved organic matter by FT-ICR mass spectrometry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hedges JI (1992). Global biogeochemical cycles: progress and problems. Marine Chemistry 39, 67–93.
| Global biogeochemical cycles: progress and problems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hertkorn N, Benner R, Frommberger M, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Witt M, Kaiser K, Kettrup A, Hedges JI (2006). Characterization of a major refractory component of marine dissolved organic matter. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70, 2990–3010.
| Characterization of a major refractory component of marine dissolved organic matter.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Huang M, Li Z, Chen M, Wen J, Luo N, Xu W, Ding X, Xing W (2020). Dissolved organic matter released from rice straw and straw biochar: contrasting molecular composition and lead binding behaviors. Science of the Total Environment 739, 140378
| Dissolved organic matter released from rice straw and straw biochar: contrasting molecular composition and lead binding behaviors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Huang M, Li Z, Wen J, Ding X, Zhou M, Cai C, Shen F (2021). Molecular insights into the effects of pyrolysis temperature on composition and copper binding properties of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter. Journal of Hazardous Materials 410, 124537
| Molecular insights into the effects of pyrolysis temperature on composition and copper binding properties of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
IBI (2012) ‘Standardized Product Definition and Product Testing Guidelines for Biochar that is used in Soil.’ (International Biochar Initiative (IBI))
Jin J, Sun K, Liu W, Li S, Peng X, Yang Y, Han L, Du Z, Wang X (2018a). Isolation and characterization of biochar-derived organic matter fractions and their phenanthrene sorption. Environmental Pollution 236, 745–753.
| Isolation and characterization of biochar-derived organic matter fractions and their phenanthrene sorption.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jin J, Sun K, Yang Y, Wang Z, Han L, Wang X, Wu F, Xing B (2018b). Comparison between soil- and biochar-derived humic acids: composition, conformation, and phenanthrene sorption. Environmental Science & Technology 52, 1880–1888.
| Comparison between soil- and biochar-derived humic acids: composition, conformation, and phenanthrene sorption.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kang S, Xing B (2005). Phenanthrene sorption to sequentially extracted soil humic acids and humins. Environmental Science & Technology 39, 134–140.
| Phenanthrene sorption to sequentially extracted soil humic acids and humins.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Karhu K, Mattila T, Bergström I, Regina K (2011). Biochar addition to agricultural soil increased CH4 uptake and water holding capacity – results from a short-term pilot field study. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 140, 309–313.
Koch BP, Dittmar T (2006). From mass to structure: an aromaticity index for high-resolution mass data of natural organic matter. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 20, 926–932.
| From mass to structure: an aromaticity index for high-resolution mass data of natural organic matter.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kong L, Gao Y, Zhou Q, Zhao X, Sun Z (2018). Biochar accelerates PAHs biodegradation in petroleum-polluted soil by biostimulation strategy. Journal of Hazardous Materials 343, 276–284.
| Biochar accelerates PAHs biodegradation in petroleum-polluted soil by biostimulation strategy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kuzyakov Y, Subbotina I, Chen H, Bogomolova I, Xu X (2009). Black carbon decomposition and incorporation into soil microbial biomass estimated by 14C labeling. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 41, 210–219.
| Black carbon decomposition and incorporation into soil microbial biomass estimated by 14C labeling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lehmann J (2015) ‘Biochar for Environmental Management: Science, Technology and Implementation’, Vol. 25(1), pp. 15801–15811. (Earthscan, Routledge: Ithaca, New York, USA)
Li S, Xu C, Qin S, Guo X, Bai Y, Guo F (2022). Molecular characteristics of biochar-derived organic matter sub-fractions extracted by ultrasonication. Science of The Total Environment 806, 150190
| Molecular characteristics of biochar-derived organic matter sub-fractions extracted by ultrasonication.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lin Y, Munroe P, Joseph S, Henderson R, Ziolkowski A (2012). Water extractable organic carbon in untreated and chemical treated biochars. Chemosphere 87, 151–157.
| Water extractable organic carbon in untreated and chemical treated biochars.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Liu F-J, Wei X-Y, Gui J, Wang Y-G, Li P, Zong Z-M (2013). Characterization of biomarkers and structural features of condensed aromatics in Xianfeng lignite. Energy & Fuels 27, 7369–7378.
| Characterization of biomarkers and structural features of condensed aromatics in Xianfeng lignite.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Liu C-H, Chu W, Li H, Boyd SA, Teppen BJ, Mao J, Lehmann J, Zhang W (2019). Quantification and characterization of dissolved organic carbon from biochars. Geoderma 335, 161–169.
| Quantification and characterization of dissolved organic carbon from biochars.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
López-Cano I, Roig A, Cayuela ML, Alburquerque JA, Sánchez-Monedero MA (2016). Biochar improves N cycling during composting of olive mill wastes and sheep manure. Waste Management 49, 553–559.
| Biochar improves N cycling during composting of olive mill wastes and sheep manure.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Meng L, Sun T, Li M, Saleem M, Zhang Q, Wang C (2019). Soil-applied biochar increases microbial diversity and wheat plant performance under herbicide fomesafen stress. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 171, 75–83.
| Soil-applied biochar increases microbial diversity and wheat plant performance under herbicide fomesafen stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nan Q, Wang C, Wang H, Yi Q, Liang B, Xu J, Wu W (2020). Biochar drives microbially-mediated rice production by increasing soil carbon. Journal of Hazardous Materials 387, 121680
| Biochar drives microbially-mediated rice production by increasing soil carbon.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Norwood MJ, Louchouarn P, Kuo L-J, Harvey OR (2013). Characterization and biodegradation of water-soluble biomarkers and organic carbon extracted from low temperature chars. Organic Geochemistry 56, 111–119.
| Characterization and biodegradation of water-soluble biomarkers and organic carbon extracted from low temperature chars.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Oesterle P, Lindberg RH, Fick J, Jansson S (2020). Extraction of active pharmaceutical ingredients from simulated spent activated carbonaceous adsorbents. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, 25572–25581.
| Extraction of active pharmaceutical ingredients from simulated spent activated carbonaceous adsorbents.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Qin S, Xu C, Xu Y, Bai Y, Guo F (2020). Molecular signatures of humic acids from different sources as revealed by ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. Journal of Chemistry 2020, 7171582
| Molecular signatures of humic acids from different sources as revealed by ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Riedel T, Biester H, Dittmar T (2012). Molecular fractionation of dissolved organic matter with metal salts. Environmental Science & Technology 46, 4419–4426.
| Molecular fractionation of dissolved organic matter with metal salts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sánchez-Polo M, Rivera-Utrilla J (2002). Adsorbent-adsorbate interactions in the adsorption of Cd(II) and Hg(II) on ozonized activated carbons. Environmental Science & Technology 36, 3850–3854.
| Adsorbent-adsorbate interactions in the adsorption of Cd(II) and Hg(II) on ozonized activated carbons.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sanford JR, Larson RA (2020). Assessing nitrogen cycling in corncob biochar amended soil columns for application in agricultural treatment systems. Agronomy 10, 979
| Assessing nitrogen cycling in corncob biochar amended soil columns for application in agricultural treatment systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Seidel M, Beck M, Riedel T, Waska H, Suryaputra IGNA, Schnetger B, Niggemann J, Simon M, Dittmar T (2014). Biogeochemistry of dissolved organic matter in an anoxic intertidal creek bank. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 140, 418–434.
| Biogeochemistry of dissolved organic matter in an anoxic intertidal creek bank.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Shi D-L, Wei X-Y, Fan X, Zong Z-M, Chen B, Zhao Y-P, Wang Y-G, Cao J-P (2013a). Characterizations of the extracts from Geting bituminous coal by spectrometries. Energy & Fuels 27, 3709–3717.
Shi D-L, Wei X-Y, Chen B, Lu Y, Li L, Wang Y-G, Li P, Zhao L, Zong Z-M, Zhao W, Fan X, Zhao Y-P (2013b). The identification of organooxygen compounds in Geting bituminous coal. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 35, 2166–2172.
| The identification of organooxygen compounds in Geting bituminous coal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Smith CR, Hatcher PG, Kumar S, Lee JW (2016). Investigation into the sources of biochar water-soluble organic compounds and their potential toxicity on aquatic microorganisms. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 4, 2550–2558.
| Investigation into the sources of biochar water-soluble organic compounds and their potential toxicity on aquatic microorganisms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tang J, Li X, Luo Y, Li G, Khan S (2016). Spectroscopic characterization of dissolved organic matter derived from different biochars and their polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) binding affinity. Chemosphere 152, 399–406.
| Spectroscopic characterization of dissolved organic matter derived from different biochars and their polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) binding affinity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tfaily MM, Chu RK, Tolić N, Roscioli KM, Anderton CR, Paša-Tolić L, Robinson EW, Hess NJ (2015). Advanced solvent based methods for molecular characterization of soil organic matter by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry 87, 5206–5215.
| Advanced solvent based methods for molecular characterization of soil organic matter by high-resolution mass spectrometry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wei XY, Zong ZM, Fan X, Li ZK (2015) Coal‐based products and their uses. In ‘Coal Production and Processing Technology’. (Eds R Gupta and MR Riazi) pp. 383–412. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA)
Wu H, Dong X, Liu H (2018). Evaluating fluorescent dissolved organic matter released from wetland-plant derived biochar: effects of extracting solutions. Chemosphere 212, 638–644.
| Evaluating fluorescent dissolved organic matter released from wetland-plant derived biochar: effects of extracting solutions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yang F, Wang C, Sun H (2021). A comprehensive review of biochar-derived dissolved matters in biochar application: production, characteristics, and potential environmental effects and mechanisms. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 9, 105258
| A comprehensive review of biochar-derived dissolved matters in biochar application: production, characteristics, and potential environmental effects and mechanisms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yang F, Zhang Q, Jian H, Wang C, Xing B, Sun H, Hao Y (2020). Effect of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter on adsorption of sulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol. Journal of Hazardous Materials 396, 122598
| Effect of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter on adsorption of sulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yang Y, Sun K, Liu J, Chen Y, Han L (2022). Changes in soil properties and CO2 emissions after biochar addition: role of pyrolysis temperature and aging. Science of the Total Environment 839, 156333
| Changes in soil properties and CO2 emissions after biochar addition: role of pyrolysis temperature and aging.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yue XM, Wang YH, Wei XY, Sun B, Zong ZM (2012). Composition analysis of CS2-acetone extract of Xilinhot lignite under microwave assist. Journal of Henan Normal University (Natural Science Edition) 40, 91–96.
Yue X, Wei X-Y, Sun B, Zong ZM, Song LF, Wang YH, Zhao W, Fan X, Zhao Y (2014). Difference in molecular composition of the carbon disulfide/acetone-extractable fraction between xilinhaote lignite and Geting bituminous coal. Energy Sources 36, 2651–2659.
| Difference in molecular composition of the carbon disulfide/acetone-extractable fraction between xilinhaote lignite and Geting bituminous coal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang P, Huang P, Xu X, Sun H, Jiang B, Liao Y (2020a). Spectroscopic and molecular characterization of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter and the associations with soil microbial responses. Science of The Total Environment 708, 134619
| Spectroscopic and molecular characterization of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter and the associations with soil microbial responses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang P, Liu A, Huang P, Min L, Sun H (2020b). Sorption and molecular fractionation of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter on ferrihydrite. Journal of Hazardous Materials 392, 122260
| Sorption and molecular fractionation of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter on ferrihydrite.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhao X, Miao R, Guo M, Shang X, Zhou Y, Zhu J (2022). Biochar enhanced polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degradation in soil planted with ryegrass: Bacterial community and degradation gene expression mechanisms. Science of The Total Environment 838, 156076
| Biochar enhanced polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degradation in soil planted with ryegrass: Bacterial community and degradation gene expression mechanisms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zherebker AY, Kostyukevich YI, Kononikhin AS, Nikolaev EN, Perminova IV (2016). Molecular compositions of humic acids extracted from leonardite and lignite as determined by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Mendeleev Communications 26, 446–448.
| Molecular compositions of humic acids extracted from leonardite and lignite as determined by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zong Z, Peng Y, Qin Z, Liu J, Wu L, Wang X, Liu Z, Zhou S, Wei X (2000). Reaction of N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone with carbon disulfide. Energy & Fuels 14, 734–735.
