Modern hexaploid wheat differs from diploid and tetraploid ancestors in the importance of stress tolerance versus stress avoidance
P. F. Li A , B. L. Ma B D and Y. C. Xiong C D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
B Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6.
C State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Institute of Arid Agroecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
D Corresponding authors. Email: baoluo.ma@agr.gc.ca; xiongyc@lzu.edu.cn
Crop and Pasture Science 69(3) 265-277 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP17224
Submitted: 23 June 2017 Accepted: 15 December 2017 Published: 22 February 2018
Abstract
Combined high temperature and weak radiation stress negatively influences wheat production. However, related eco-physiological mechanisms across wheat species of different genetic backgrounds are not well documented. A pot-culture experiment was conducted in growth chambers to analyse the prevailing strategies of wheat genotypes with different ploidy levels under combined high temperature and weak radiation (30°C−25°C, 200 µmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)) stress compared with normal growth conditions (20°C−15°C; 400 µmol m−2 s−1 PAR). The diploid and tetraploid wheat genotypes showed better avoidance ability to high temperature and weak radiation stress than the hexaploids. These diploids and tetraploids produced high vegetative biomass under control conditions but this was reduced substantially under the stress. The adaptive response to avoid the stress was a strong reduction in vegetative organs, mainly leaf area. Consequently, these genotypes produced lower yields. By contrast, modern hexaploid wheat varieties displayed a stronger tolerance to the stress and produced higher yields through greater green leaf area, higher relative leaf water content, and higher proline and soluble sugar contents. The relative importance of these tolerance and avoidance strategies was estimated to account for 60% and 22%, respectively, of the variations in grain yield. Our study demonstrated that modern hexaploid wheat has acquired a greater proportion of tolerance rather than avoidance strategy in response to high temperature and weak radiation stress.
Additional keywords: adaptation mechanisms, physiological traits, wheat ploidy.
References
Aebi H (1984) Catalase in vitro. Methods in Enzymology 105, 121–126.| Catalase in vitro.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXltVKis7s%3D&md5=c52986293b3aefa6c9dcbea94a83cfa2CAS |
Amako K, Chen GX, Asada K (1994) Separate assays specific for ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase and for the chloroplastic and cytosolic isozymes of ascorbate peroxidase in plants. Plant & Cell Physiology 35, 497–504.
| Separate assays specific for ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase and for the chloroplastic and cytosolic isozymes of ascorbate peroxidase in plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXkslKkurY%3D&md5=141991844400052e31cd242c46091b9bCAS |
Apel K, Hirt H (2004) Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annual Review of Plant Biology 55, 373–399.
| Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXlvFeisL0%3D&md5=c1e1b929945615104ae88e4332ab466aCAS |
Apse MP, Blumwald E (2002) Engineering salt tolerance in plants. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 13, 146–150.
| Engineering salt tolerance in plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xis1CltL8%3D&md5=0cea3ef56a5bfe04062dc0afb5fc73d3CAS |
Asana RD, Parvatikar SR, Saxena NP (1969) Studies in physiological analysis of yield. IX, effect of light intensity on the development of the wheat grain. Physiologia Plantarum 22, 915–924.
| Studies in physiological analysis of yield. IX, effect of light intensity on the development of the wheat grain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare ID (1973) Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil 39, 205–207.
| Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE3sXlsVGitLk%3D&md5=c7811c35923d49ea35e00878c32e4ecaCAS |
Benlloch-Gonzalez M, Bochicchio R, Berger J, Bramley H, Palta JA (2014) High temperature reduces the positive effect of elevated CO2 on wheat root system growth. Field Crops Research 165, 71–79.
| High temperature reduces the positive effect of elevated CO2 on wheat root system growth.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Blum A (1988) ‘Plant breeding for stress environments.’ (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA)
Bodner G, Nakhforoosh A, Kaul HP (2015) Management of crop water under drought: a review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 35, 401–442.
| Management of crop water under drought: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Boyer JS, McPherson HG (1975) Physiology of water deficits in cereal crops. Advances in Agronomy 27, 1–23.
| Physiology of water deficits in cereal crops.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brennan T, Frenkel C (1977) Involvement of hydrogen peroxide in the regulation of senescence in pear. Plant Physiology 59, 411–416.
| Involvement of hydrogen peroxide in the regulation of senescence in pear.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE2sXhs1yjsL4%3D&md5=a35671557f306cda2c1253255a999434CAS |
Cao ZQ, Sheng LF, Liu Q, Yao XH, Wang WC (2015) Interannual increase of regional haze-fog in North China Plain in summer by intensified easterly and orographic forcing. Atmospheric Environment 122, 154–162.
| Interannual increase of regional haze-fog in North China Plain in summer by intensified easterly and orographic forcing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhsFGku7bJ&md5=9f681f57884c5c929841671d692acaffCAS |
Clarke JM, Richards RA (1988) The effects of glaucousness, epicuticular wax, leaf age, plant height, and growth environment on water-loss rates of excised wheat leaves. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 68, 975–982.
| The effects of glaucousness, epicuticular wax, leaf age, plant height, and growth environment on water-loss rates of excised wheat leaves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Clarke JM, Romagosa I, Depauw RM (1991) Screening durum wheat germplasm for dry growing conditions: morphological and physiological criteria. Crop Science 31, 770–775.
| Screening durum wheat germplasm for dry growing conditions: morphological and physiological criteria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Costanzo JP, Lee RE (2013) Avoidance and tolerance of freezing in ectothermic vertebrates. The Journal of Experimental Biology 216, 1961–1967.
| Avoidance and tolerance of freezing in ectothermic vertebrates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Du YL, Wang ZY, Fan JW, Turner NC, Wang T, Li FM (2012) β-Aminobutyric acid increases abscisic acid accumulation and desiccation tolerance and decreases water use but fails to improve grain yield in two spring wheat cultivars under soil drying. Journal of Experimental Biology 63, 4849–4860.
| β-Aminobutyric acid increases abscisic acid accumulation and desiccation tolerance and decreases water use but fails to improve grain yield in two spring wheat cultivars under soil drying.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xht1KjsLfF&md5=1c41354be2f37660e5f8c1962ffb775aCAS |
DuBois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers PA, Smith F (1956) Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry 28, 350–356.
| Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaG28XjvFynsg%3D%3D&md5=8b8cd6766b270cfcf4655259d10bdf41CAS |
Elstner EF, Heupel A (1976) Inhibition of nitrite formation from hydroxylammoniumchloride: a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. Analytical Biochemistry 70, 616–620.
| Inhibition of nitrite formation from hydroxylammoniumchloride: a simple assay for superoxide dismutase.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE28XhtFOnt7s%3D&md5=cab76ccad3dbf293106f37fd35faa9b7CAS |
Evtushenko EV, Chekurov VM (2004) Inheritance of the light intensity response in spring cultivars of common wheat. Hereditas 141, 288–292.
| Inheritance of the light intensity response in spring cultivars of common wheat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2M%2FnsVehuw%3D%3D&md5=f1b93237726bb8c77077514f8c968e93CAS |
Fernandez RT, Perry RL, Flor JA (1997) Drought response of young three apple trees on three rootstocks. II. Gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, water relations, and leaf abscisic acid. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122, 841–848.
Ferris R, Ellis RH, Wheeler TR, Hadley P (1998) Effect of high temperature stress at anthesis on grain yield and biomass of field-grown crops of wheat. Annals of Botany 82, 631–639. www.jstor.org/stable/42765836
Gaudet CL, Keddy PAA (1988) Comparative approach to predicting competitive ability from plant traits. Nature 334, 242–243.
| Comparative approach to predicting competitive ability from plant traits.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gourdji SM, Mathews KL, Reynolds M, Crossa J, Lobell DB (2013) An assessment of wheat yield sensitivity and breeding gains in hot environments. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Biological Sciences 1752, 1–9.
| An assessment of wheat yield sensitivity and breeding gains in hot environments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Guo JP, Zhang XY, Cao CX, Che HZ, Liu HL, Gupta P, Zhang H, Xu M, Li XW (2010) Monitoring haze episodes over the Yellow Sea by combining multisensor measurements. International Journal of Remote Sensing 31, 4743–4755.
| Monitoring haze episodes over the Yellow Sea by combining multisensor measurements.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hamblin J, Stefanova K, Angessa TT (2014) Variation in chlorophyll content per unit leaf area in spring wheat and implications for selection in segregating material. PLoS One 9, e92529
| Variation in chlorophyll content per unit leaf area in spring wheat and implications for selection in segregating material.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hasanuzzaman M, Fujita M (2011) Selenium pretreatment upregulates the antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxification system and confers enhanced tolerance to drought stress in rapeseed seedlings. Biological Trace Element Research 143, 1758–1776.
| Selenium pretreatment upregulates the antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxification system and confers enhanced tolerance to drought stress in rapeseed seedlings.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsFSis7nE&md5=f423fd0abf06c870e954ff6c0a08130bCAS |
Havaux M, Tardy F (1999) Loss of chlorophyll with limited reduction of photosynthesis as an adaptive response of Syrian barley landraces to high light and heat stress. Functional Plant Biology 26, 569–578.
| Loss of chlorophyll with limited reduction of photosynthesis as an adaptive response of Syrian barley landraces to high light and heat stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXotFOhtrs%3D&md5=0205260e129d45025e63adc021ad72d8CAS |
Hoagland DR, Arnon DI (1950) ‘The water culture method for growing plants without soil.’ California Agricultural Experimental Station Circular No. 347. pp. 1–32. (University of California: Berkeley, CA)
Holmes MG, Keiller DR (2002) Effects of pubescence and waxes on the reflectance of leaves in the ultraviolet and photosynthetic wavebands: a comparison of a range of species. Plant, Cell & Environment 25, 85–93.
| Effects of pubescence and waxes on the reflectance of leaves in the ultraviolet and photosynthetic wavebands: a comparison of a range of species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XhtlGkt7k%3D&md5=d16d2c4c472dc5f220a7c86599042439CAS |
Izanloo A, Condon AG, Langridge P, Tester M, Schnurbusch T (2008) Different mechanisms of adaptation to cyclic water stress in two South Australian bread wheat cultivars. Journal of Experimental Botany 59, 3327–3346.
| Different mechanisms of adaptation to cyclic water stress in two South Australian bread wheat cultivars.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtFWit7rE&md5=65d5cd5e213c08200dbcee2e0cdd2b8eCAS |
Jaleel CA, Riadh K, Gopi R, Manivannan P, Inès J, Al-Juburi HJ, Zhao CX, Shao HB, Panneerselvam R (2009) Antioxidant defense responses: Physiological plasticity in higher plants under abiotic constraints. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 31, 427–436.
Jones MM, Turner NC, Osmond CB (1981) Mechanisms of drought resistance. In ‘The physiology and biochemistry of drought resistance in plants’. (Eds LG Paleg, D Aspinall) pp. 15–37. (Academic Press: Sydney)
Kadioglu A, Terzi R, Saruhan N, Saglam A (2012) Current advances in the investigation of leaf rolling caused by biotic and abiotic stress factors. Plant Science 182, 42–48.
| Current advances in the investigation of leaf rolling caused by biotic and abiotic stress factors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsFejurzM&md5=5482442b3f33fc51659ee9af6f2b11b8CAS |
Karsai I, Kőszegi B, Kovács G, Szűcs P, Mészáros K, Bedő Z, Veisz O (2008) Effects of temperature and light intensity on flowering of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Acta Biologica Hungarica 59, 205–215.
| Effects of temperature and light intensity on flowering of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kimber G (1993) Genomic relationships in Triticum and the availability of alien germplasm. In ‘Biodiversity and wheat improvement’. (Ed. AB Damania) pp. 9–16. (Academic: Chichester, UK)
Krasensky J, Jonak C (2012) Drought, salt, and temperature stress-induced metabolic rearrangements and regulatory networks. Journal of Experimental Botany 63, 1593–1608.
| Drought, salt, and temperature stress-induced metabolic rearrangements and regulatory networks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XjtlKhs7w%3D&md5=31ea3b2112b6678b57194f44ab3489d8CAS |
Levitt J (Ed.) (1980) ‘Responses of plants to environmental stresses. Volume II. Water, radiation, salt, and other stresses.’ (Academic Press: New York)
Li PF, Cheng ZG, Ma BL, Kong HY, Mo F, Bai X (2014) Dryland wheat domestication changed the development of aboveground architecture for a well-structured canopy. PLoS One 9, e95825
| Dryland wheat domestication changed the development of aboveground architecture for a well-structured canopy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Li T, Kromdijk J, Heuvelink E, van Noort FR, Kaiser E, Marcelis LF (2016) Effects of diffuse light on radiation use efficiency of two Anthurium cultivars depend on the response of stomatal conductance to dynamic light intensity. Frontiers in Plant Science 7, 1–10.
| Effects of diffuse light on radiation use efficiency of two Anthurium cultivars depend on the response of stomatal conductance to dynamic light intensity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Li PF, Ma BL, Xiong YC, Zhang WY (2017) Morphological and physiological responses of different wheat genotypes to chilling stress: A cue to explain yield loss. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 97, 4036–4045.
| Morphological and physiological responses of different wheat genotypes to chilling stress: A cue to explain yield loss.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXlsV2ltbs%3D&md5=522bae0202d86c75db9ac287640aecedCAS |
Mittler R, Vanderauwera S, Gollery M, Van Breusegem F (2004) Reactive oxygen gene network of plants. Trends in Plant Science 9, 490–498.
| Reactive oxygen gene network of plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXotF2msrg%3D&md5=4760b51c2d2f6ba9a2c790cd8c77630bCAS |
Morgan JM, Condon AG (1986) Water use, grain yield, and osmoregulation in wheat. Functional Plant Biology 13, 523–532.
| Water use, grain yield, and osmoregulation in wheat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
O’Toole JC, Cruz RT (1980) Response of leaf water potential, stomatal resistance, and leaf rolling to water stress. Plant Physiology 65, 428–432.
| Response of leaf water potential, stomatal resistance, and leaf rolling to water stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3cnhtlertg%3D%3D&md5=4f728e84a4c5effa614fdcda3d2fc18fCAS |
Rajaram S (2001) Prospects and promise of wheat breeding in the 21st century. Euphytica 119, 3–15.
| Prospects and promise of wheat breeding in the 21st century.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Reynolds MP, van Ginkel M, Ribaut JM (2000) Avenues for genetic modification of radiation use efficiency in wheat. Journal of Experimental Botany 51, 459–473.
| Avenues for genetic modification of radiation use efficiency in wheat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhsVOjsr0%3D&md5=1ec8e6468b463c4a15411b762fa7000dCAS |
Ribaut JM, Edmeades G, Hoisington D, Setter T, Banziger M (2004) Genetic dissection of drought tolerance in maize: A case study. In ‘Physiology and biotechnology integration for plant breeding’. (Eds H Nguyen, A Blum) pp. 103–151. (Marcel Dekker Inc.: New York)
Richards RA (1996) Defining selection criteria to improve yield under drought. In ‘Drought tolerance in higher plants: genetical, physiological and molecular biological analysis’. (Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)
Ruszkowski M, Nocek B, Forlani G, Dauter Z (2015) The structure of Medicago truncatula δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase provides new insights into regulation of proline biosynthesis in plants. Frontiers in Plant Science 6, 869
| The structure of Medicago truncatula δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase provides new insights into regulation of proline biosynthesis in plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schaedle M, Bassham JA (1977) Chloroplast glutathione reductase. Plant Physiology 59, 1011–1012.
Shaik ZA, Vardharajula S, Minakshi G, Venkateswar RL, Venkateswarlu B (2011) Effect of inoculation with a thermotolerant plant growth promoting Pseudomonas putida strain akmp7 on growth of wheat (Triticum spp.) under heat stress. Journal of Plant Interactions 6, 1–8.
| Effect of inoculation with a thermotolerant plant growth promoting Pseudomonas putida strain akmp7 on growth of wheat (Triticum spp.) under heat stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sharma P, Dubey RS (2005) Modulation of nitrate reductase activity in rice seedlings under aluminum toxicity and water stress: role of osmolytes as enzyme protectant. Journal of Plant Physiology 162, 854–864.
Sharma DK, Fernández JO, Rosenqvist E, Ottosen CO, Andersen SB (2014) Genotypic response of detached leaves versus intact plants for chlorophyll fluorescence parameters under high temperature stress in wheat. Journal of Plant Physiology 171, 576–586.
| Genotypic response of detached leaves versus intact plants for chlorophyll fluorescence parameters under high temperature stress in wheat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXlslSrtLw%3D&md5=66b77cc4ed2a5e0d01a2abdb13d154caCAS |
Sinha SK (1987) Drought resistance in crop plants: a critical physiological and biochemical assessment. In ‘Drought tolerance in winter cereals’. (Ed. JP Srivastava) pp. 349–364. (Wiley: Chichester, UK)
Smith JB, Schneider SH, Oppenheimer M, Yohe GW, Hare W, Mastrandrea MD, Patwardhan A, Burton I, Corfee-Morlot J, Magadza CHD, Füssel H-M, Pittock AB, Rahman A, Suarez A, van Ypersele JP (2009) Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ‘reasons for concern’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106, 4133–4137.
| Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ‘reasons for concern’.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXjslChtLo%3D&md5=e8085db84782b463a6193e709ba85d74CAS |
Solomon S, Qin DH (2007) ‘Climatic Change 2007—The Physical Science Basis. Global climate change and public health.’ (Springer: New York)
Sun J, Lu N, Xu H, Maruo T, Guo S (2016) Root zone cooling and exogenous spermidine root-pretreatment promoting Lactuca sativa L. growth and photosynthesis in the high-temperature season. Frontiers in Plant Science 7, 1–14.
| Root zone cooling and exogenous spermidine root-pretreatment promoting Lactuca sativa L. growth and photosynthesis in the high-temperature season.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tardieu F (2005) Plant tolerance to water deficit: physical limits and possibilities for progress. Comptes Rendus Geoscience 337, 57–67.
| Plant tolerance to water deficit: physical limits and possibilities for progress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tardieu F (2012) Any trait or trait-related allele can confer drought tolerance: just design the right drought scenario. Journal of Experimental Botany 63, 25–31.
| Any trait or trait-related allele can confer drought tolerance: just design the right drought scenario.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhs1yms73L&md5=65cf8595b6591a998a942125e1252b03CAS |
Tilman D (1988) ‘Plant strategies and the dynamics and structure of plant communities.’ Monographs in Population Dynamics 26. (Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ)
Trethowan RM, Ginkel MV, Rajaram S (2002) Progress in breeding wheat for yield and adaptation in global drought affected environments. Crop Science 42, 1441–1446.
| Progress in breeding wheat for yield and adaptation in global drought affected environments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Turner NC (1981) Techniques and experimental approaches for the measurement of plant water status. Plant and Soil 58, 339–366.
| Techniques and experimental approaches for the measurement of plant water status.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Turner NC (1986) Adaptation to water deficits: a changing perspective. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 13, 175–190.
| Adaptation to water deficits: a changing perspective.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Veneklaas EJ, Peacock JM (1994) Growth, biomass allocation and water use efficiency of two wheat cultivars in a Mediterranean environment; a pot experiment under field conditions. Plant and Soil 162, 241–247.
Verslues PE, Sharma S (2010) Proline metabolism and its implications for plant environment interaction. The Arabidopsis Book/American Society of Plant Biologists 8, e0140
| Proline metabolism and its implications for plant environment interaction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Verslues PE, Agarwal M, Katiyar-Agarwal S, Zhu J, Zhu JK (2006) Methods and concepts in quantifying resistance to drought, salt and freezing, abiotic stresses that affect plant water status. The Plant Journal 45, 523–539.
| Methods and concepts in quantifying resistance to drought, salt and freezing, abiotic stresses that affect plant water status.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XislWit7w%3D&md5=86a81feda436e841b57d73aba9538cc1CAS |
Wang QX, Fan XH, Qin ZD, Wang MB (2012) Change trends of temperature and precipitation in the Loess Plateau Region of China, 1961–2010. Global and Planetary Change 92–93, 138–147.
| Change trends of temperature and precipitation in the Loess Plateau Region of China, 1961–2010.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wardlaw IF (2002) Interaction between drought and chronic high temperature during kernel filling in wheat in a controlled environment. Annals of Botany 90, 469–476.
| Interaction between drought and chronic high temperature during kernel filling in wheat in a controlled environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Xiong YC, Li FM, Zhang T (2006) Performance of wheat crops with different chromosome ploidy: Root-sourced signals, drought tolerance, and yield performance. Planta 224, 710–718.
| Performance of wheat crops with different chromosome ploidy: Root-sourced signals, drought tolerance, and yield performance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xnsl2is7g%3D&md5=ad079b477bf794fe6f38a962288f86b9CAS |
Zaharieva M, Gaulin E, Havaux M, Acevedo E, Monneveux P (2001) Drought and heat responses in the wild wheat relative Aegilops geniculata Roth: Potential interest for wheat improvement. Crop Science 41, 1321–1329.
| Drought and heat responses in the wild wheat relative Aegilops geniculata Roth: Potential interest for wheat improvement.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang YP, Wang ZM, Zhang YH, Shi HB (2009) Photosynthetic performance of wheat varieties with different grain leaf ratio under limited irrigation. Journal of Triticeae Crops 29, 859–866. [In Chinese with English abstract]
Zhang XY, Sun JY, Wang YQ, Li WJ, Qiang Z, Wang WGM, Quan JN, Cao GL, Wang JZ, Yang YQ, Zhang YM (2013) Factors contributing to haze and fog in China. Chinese Science Bulletin 58, 1178–1187.
| Factors contributing to haze and fog in China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | [In Chinese with English abstract]
Zhang XY, Wang L, Wang WH, Cao DJ, Wang X, Ye DX (2015) Long-term trend and spatiotemporal variations of haze over China by satellite observations from 1979 to 2013. Atmospheric Environment 119, 362–373.
| Long-term trend and spatiotemporal variations of haze over China by satellite observations from 1979 to 2013.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhsVais73M&md5=4843f522baa5652248e3a61dfee488d1CAS |
Zhao SJ, Xu CC, Zou Q, Meng QW (1994) Improvements of method for measurement of malondialdehvde in plant tissue. Plant Physiology Communications 30, 207–210. [In Chinese with English abstract]
Zhao H, Dai T, Jing Q, Jiang D, Cao W (2007) Leaf senescence and grain filling affected by post-anthesis high temperatures in two different wheat cultivars. Plant Growth Regulation 51, 149–158.
| Leaf senescence and grain filling affected by post-anthesis high temperatures in two different wheat cultivars.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhslCltL0%3D&md5=43cebe6e760418c7a71dd09573b8e3c0CAS |
