Wildland fire evacuations in Canada from 1980 to 2021

Amy Cardinal Christianson; Lynn M. Johnston; Jacqueline A. Oliver; David Watson; David Young; Heather MacDonald; John Little; Bruce Macnab; Noemie Gonzalez Bautista

doi:10.1071/WF23097

RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)

Wildland fire evacuations in Canada from 1980 to 2021

Amy Cardinal Christianson ^A ^E ^* , Lynn M. Johnston ^B , Jacqueline A. Oliver ^B ^C , David Watson ^A , David Young ^B , Heather MacDonald ^B , John Little ^A , Bruce Macnab ^A and Noemie Gonzalez Bautista ^D

+ Author Affiliations

- Author Affiliations

^A Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, 5320-122 St NW, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5, Canada.

^B Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen St. E., Sault Ste. Marie, ON P6A 2E5, Canada.

^C Department of Natural Resource Science, Faculty of Science, Thompson Rivers University, 900 McGill Road, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada.

^D Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 Rue du Peps, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada.

^E Present address: Indigenous Leadership Initiative, 1747 Rue Ouitchouan, Mashteuiatsh, QC G0W 2H0, Canada.

^* Correspondence to: Amy.Cardinal@ilinationhood.ca

International Journal of Wildland Fire 33, WF23097 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF23097

Submitted: 17 June 2023 Accepted: 30 May 2024 Published: 18 June 2024

© 2024 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing on behalf of IAWF. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

Abstract

Background

Every year, people in Canada are evacuated due to wildland fires to avoid death, injury, and illness from fire and smoke events.

Aims

In this paper, we provide an overview of evacuations recorded in the Canadian Wildland Fire Evacuation Database between 1980 and 2021.

Methods

Our analysis covers evacuations in Canada from 1980 to 2021. We provide summary statistics including number of evacuations and evacuees, evacuation duration, seasonality, evacuation causes, community types, structure losses, and fatalities. We also investigate temporal and spatial patterns.

Key results

Between 1980 and 2021, there were 1393 wildland fire evacuation events with 576,747 people evacuated. During this period, there was an overall increase in frequency of evacuations, number of evacuees, and duration of events. Structure loss occurred during 194 evacuation events, with 4105 homes burned. We estimate wildland fire evacuations cost at least CAD3.7 billion (excluding structural losses), jumping to CAD4.6 billion if we include productivity losses. Indigenous peoples are disproportionately impacted in wildfire evacuations compared to the general Canadian population.

Conclusions

Wildland fire evacuations continue to occur across Canada and are increasing.

Implications

The findings from this study give us a better understanding of the characteristics of wildland fire evacuations, which can help guide emergency management.

Keywords: community protection, emergency management, evacuation cost, fatalities, fire impacts, forest fire, indigenous peoples, property losses.

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