Effects of different sampling strategies for unburned label selection in machine learning modelling of wildfire occurrence probability
Xingwen Quan
A B * , Miao Jiao A , Zhili He C , Abolfazl Jaafari D , Qian Xie A and Xiaoying Lai A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
B Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, China.
C Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
D Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran1 496813111, Iran.
* Correspondence to: xingwen.quan@uestc.edu.cn
International Journal of Wildland Fire 32(4) 561-575 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF21149
Submitted: 26 October 2021 Accepted: 14 January 2023 Published: 14 February 2023
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing on behalf of IAWF.
Abstract
The selection of unburned labels is a crucial step in machine learning modelling of wildfire occurrence probability. However, the effect of different sampling strategies on the performance of machine learning methods has not yet been thoroughly investigated. Additionally, whether the ratio of burned labels to unburned labels should be balanced or imbalanced remains a controversial issue. To address these gaps in the literature, we examined the effects of four broadly used sampling strategies for unburned label selection: (1) random selection in the unburned areas, (2) selection of areas with only one fire event, (3) selection of barren areas, and (4) selection of areas determined by the semi-variogram geostatistical technique. The effect of the balanced and imbalanced ratio between burned and unburned labels was also investigated. The random forest (RF) method explored the relationships between historical wildfires that occurred over the period between 2001 and 2020 in Yunnan Province, China, and climate, topography, fuel and anthropogenic variables. Multiple metrics demonstrated that the random selection of the unburned labels from the unburned areas with an imbalanced dataset outperformed the other three sampling strategies. Thus, we recommend this strategy to produce the required datasets for machine learning modelling of wildfire occurrence probability.
Keywords: AUC‐PR, AUC‐ROC, foliage fuel load, fuel moisture content, imbalanced dataset, machine learning, random forest, sampling strategy, unburned label, wildfire.
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