Plankton succession and assemblage structure in two neighbouring littoral ecosystems in the north-west Mediterranean Sea

Abstract

We studied seasonal variations in bacterial abundance and succession in phyto- and zooplankton assemblages (particularly small taxa) in two neighbouring shallow bays (near Toulon, Mediterranean Sea, France): Little Bay (polluted, eutrophic), and Niel Bay (less polluted, oligotrophic). In Little Bay, bacteria developed in northern spring and phytoplankton (Dinophyceae > 20 µm) in late northern winter–early spring. Zooplankton levels peaked at the end of northern spring and in autumn; this community was dominated by Oithona nana. In Niel Bay, bacterial levels peaked during northern spring and autumn. Phytoplankton (Dinophyceae, Bacillariophyceae) abundance was low and only peaked in June. Zooplankton levels peaked in northern mid-summer. Little Bay was influenced more by the land and by human activities than by the sea. Seasonal factors (e.g. water temperature) and sudden influences (e.g. rain and, indirectly, Mistral wind) may have modified the succession of the plankton communities in this bay. Successions did not follow Margalef’s model and the classical scheme for zooplankton. Conversely, Niel Bay functioning and plankton assemblages were most influenced by the physical environment of the sea than by the land or by human activities. Successions were closely related to the classical scheme of the Mediterranean Sea.