Viral dynamics in tropical coastal waters: effects of warming and nutrient enrichment
Stanley Choon Yip Chai A B C , Choon Weng Lee
A B * , Joon Hai Lim A B C , Chui Wei Bong A B , Edmund Ui Hang Sim D , Kumaran Narayanan E and Ai-jun Wang F G
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
B Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
C Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
D Faculty of Resource Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak 94300, Malaysia.
E School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia.
F Laboratory of Coastal and Marine Geology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China.
G Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Physical and Geological Processes, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China.
Marine and Freshwater Research 74(6) 522-534 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF22262
Submitted: 1 March 2022 Accepted: 1 March 2023 Published: 24 March 2023
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing
Abstract
Context: We studied the virus component in the microbial food-web in the tropical coastal Sunda Shelf waters.
Aims: We investigated viral processes, including the lysogenic to lytic shift dynamics with seawater warming and nutrient enrichment.
Methods: We sampled nearshore and offshore waters of Peninsular Malaysia to provide a natural trophic gradient for correlational analyses. We also conducted laboratory experiments to investigate the changes in virus production rates and lysogeny, when temperature (range: 25–37°C) and nutrient concentrations (range: 0.1–1.0× marine-broth concentration) were manipulated.
Key results: Observations showed site-dependent differences in dissolved inorganic nutrient concentration, Chl-a (0.21–3.54 μg L−1) and bacterial abundance (4.09 × 105−9.41 × 105 cells mL−1), but not in viral abundance (measured as virus-like particles or VLP) (1.04 × 106−2.39 × 106 VLP mL−1) and virus production rates (0.59 × 105−4.55 × 105 VLP mL−1 h−1). From laboratory experiments, both warming and nutrient enrichment increased virus production (R2 > 0.651), decreased lysogeny (R2 > 0.743), and resulted in an increase of the viral lysis:bacterial production ratio, and a stronger viral control on bacterial production.
Conclusions: Although both seawater warming and nutrient enrichment increased virus production and reduced lysogeny, nutrient enrichment was a more important factor.
Implications: The increasing nutrient concentrations in these waters will increase virus production and virus top-down control of bacteria, and drive the ecosystem towards heterotrophy.
Keywords: bacterial production, kill-the-winner hypothesis, microbial food web, Peninsular Malaysia, top-down control, viral lysis, viral lysogeny, virus production.
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