Effects of common carp on water quality and submerged vegetation: results from a short-term mesocosm experiment in an artificial wetland
Douglas Peterson
A * , James Pearson B D and William Simpson C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A US Fish and Wildlife Service, Abernathy Fish Technology Center, 1440 Abernathy Creek Road, Longview, WA 98632, USA.
B US Fish and Wildlife Service, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, 36391 Sodhouse Lane, Princeton, OR 97721, USA.
C US Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbia River Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office, 1211 SE Cardinal Court, Suite 100, Vancouver, WA 98683, USA.
D Present address: East Bay Municipal Utility District, 1 Winemaster Way, Lodi, CA 95240, USA.
Marine and Freshwater Research 73(7) 973-994 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF22008
Submitted: 4 December 2021 Accepted: 24 March 2022 Published: 30 May 2022
© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
Bioturbation by non-native common carp (carp) can facilitate an ecosystem phase shift from clear to turbid water in shallow lakes and ponds, with negative effects on abundance of aquatic animals and plants. Management of carp often involves reducing populations below a threshold biomass at which important components of the aquatic ecosystem, like submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), recover. To evaluate control targets for a nuisance carp population in Malheur Lake in SE Oregon, USA, we conducted a mesocosm experiment in a small wetland within the lake’s drainage basin. We stocked 200-m2 enclosures with individual or multiple carp of different age classes at target biomasses of 50, 100, and 300 kg ha−1. We measured turbidity, total suspended sediments, nutrients, chlorophyll-a, and surface coverage of SAV four times within a single growing season. Turbidity increased through time and soluble P was higher in 300 kg ha−1 carp treatments compared to the control, but few changes were observed for any of the other variables at any biomass. Results suggest that with well established SAV, a maintenance carp biomass threshold of <200 kg ha−1 will not result in a phase shift from a clear- to turbid-water state in the short-term.
Keywords: alternative stable states, bioturbation, Cyprinus carpio, mesocosm, N, non-native, P, UAS imagery, water clarity.
References
Angeler, DG, Álvarez-Cobelas, M, Sánchez-Carrillo, S, and Rodrigo, MA (2002). Assessment of exotic fish impacts on water quality and zooplankton in a degraded semi-arid floodplain wetland. Aquatic Sciences 64, 76–86.| Assessment of exotic fish impacts on water quality and zooplankton in a degraded semi-arid floodplain wetland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bachmann, RW, Hoyer, MV, and Canfield, DE (1999). The restoration of Lake Apopka in relation to alternative stable states. Hydrobiologia 394, 219–232.
| The restoration of Lake Apopka in relation to alternative stable states.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Badiou, PHJ, and Goldsborough, LG (2010). Ecological impacts of an exotic benthivorous fish in large experimental wetlands, Delta Marsh, Canada. Wetlands 30, 657–667.
| Ecological impacts of an exotic benthivorous fish in large experimental wetlands, Delta Marsh, Canada.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Badiou, PHJ, and Goldsborough, LG (2015). Ecological impacts of an exotic benthivorous fish, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), on water quality, sedimentation, and submerged macrophyte biomass in wetland mesocosms. Hydrobiologia 755, 107–121.
| Ecological impacts of an exotic benthivorous fish, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), on water quality, sedimentation, and submerged macrophyte biomass in wetland mesocosms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bajer, PG, and Sorensen, PW (2010). Recruitment and abundance of an invasive fish, the common carp, is driven by its propensity to invade and reproduce in basins that experience winter-time hypoxia in interconnected lakes. Biological Invasions 12, 1101–1112.
| Recruitment and abundance of an invasive fish, the common carp, is driven by its propensity to invade and reproduce in basins that experience winter-time hypoxia in interconnected lakes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bajer, PG, Sullivan, G, and Sorensen, PW (2009). Effects of a rapidly increasing population of common carp on vegetative cover and waterfowl in a recently restored Midwestern shallow lake. Hydrobiologia 632, 235–245.
| Effects of a rapidly increasing population of common carp on vegetative cover and waterfowl in a recently restored Midwestern shallow lake.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bajer, PG, Chizinski, CJ, and Sorensen, PW (2011). Using the Judas technique to locate and remove wintertime aggregations of invasive common carp. Fisheries Management and Ecology 18, 497–505.
| Using the Judas technique to locate and remove wintertime aggregations of invasive common carp.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bates, D, Mächler, M, Bolker, B, and Walker, S (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software 67, 1–48.
| Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brown, P, and Gilligan, D (2014). Optimising an integrated pest-management strategy for a spatially structured population of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) using meta-population modelling. Marine and Freshwater Research 65, 538–550.
| Optimising an integrated pest-management strategy for a spatially structured population of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) using meta-population modelling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brown, P, and Walker, TI (2004). CARPSIM: stochastic simulation modelling of wild carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) population dynamics, with applications to pest control. Ecological Modelling 176, 83–97.
| CARPSIM: stochastic simulation modelling of wild carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) population dynamics, with applications to pest control.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carpenter, SR, Elser, JJ, and Olson, KM (1983). Effects of roots of Myriophyllum verticillatum L. on sediment redox conditions. Aquatic Botany 17, 243–249.
| Effects of roots of Myriophyllum verticillatum L. on sediment redox conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chumchal, MM, Nowlin, WH, and Drenner, RW (2005). Biomass-dependent effects of common carp on water quality in shallow ponds. Hydrobiologia 545, 271–277.
| Biomass-dependent effects of common carp on water quality in shallow ponds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cornely JE (1982) Waterfowl production at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, 1942–1980. US Fish and Wildlife Publications 38, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, USA.
Crooks, JA (2002). Characterizing ecosystem-level consequences of biological invasions: the role of ecosystem engineers. Oikos 97, 153–166.
| Characterizing ecosystem-level consequences of biological invasions: the role of ecosystem engineers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Drenner, RW, Gallo, KL, Edwards, CM, Rieger, KE, and Dibble, ED (1997). Common carp affect turbidity and angler catch rates of largemouth bass in ponds. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 17, 1010–1013.
| Common carp affect turbidity and angler catch rates of largemouth bass in ponds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Drenner, RW, Gallo, KL, Baca, RM, and Smith, JD (1998). Synergistic effects of nutrient loading and omnivorous fish on phytoplankton biomass. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55, 2087–2096.
| Synergistic effects of nutrient loading and omnivorous fish on phytoplankton biomass.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Driver, PD, Closs, GP, and Koen, T (2005). The effects of size and density of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) on water quality in an experimental pond. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 163, 117–131.
| The effects of size and density of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) on water quality in an experimental pond.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Duebbert HF (1969) The ecology of Malheur Lake and management implications. Refuge Leaflet 412, US Department of Interior, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Washington, DC, USA.
Evelsizer, VD, and Turner, AM (2006). Species-specific responses of aquatic macrophytes to fish exclusion in a prairie marsh: a manipulative experiment. Wetlands 26, 430–437.
| Species-specific responses of aquatic macrophytes to fish exclusion in a prairie marsh: a manipulative experiment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fletcher, AR, Morison, AK, and Hume, DJ (1985). Effects of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., on communities of aquatic vegetation and turbidity of waterbodies in the Lower Goulburn River basin. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 36, 311–327.
| Effects of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., on communities of aquatic vegetation and turbidity of waterbodies in the Lower Goulburn River basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gordon LI, Jennings JC Jr, Ross AA, Krest JM (1993) A suggested protocol for continuous automated analysis of seawater nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and silicic acid) on the WOCE Hydrographic Program and the Joint Global Ocean Fluxes Study, Technical Report 93-1. WOCE Hydrographic Program Office, Methods Manual WHPO 91-1, Oregon State University, College of Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences, Corvallis, OR, USA.
Green, SJ, and Grosholz, ED (2021). Functional eradication as a framework for invasive species control. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 19, 98–107.
| Functional eradication as a framework for invasive species control.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Griffiths FR (1978) Carp control study – control methods and their application to Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Project number MLH-15. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Burns, OR, USA.
Güneralp, B, and Barlas, Y (2003). Dynamic modelling of a shallow freshwater lake for ecological and economic sustainability. Ecological Modelling 167, 115–138.
| Dynamic modelling of a shallow freshwater lake for ecological and economic sustainability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hargeby, A, Blindow, I, and Hansson, L-A (2004). Shifts between clear and turbid states in a shallow lake: multi-causal stress from climate, nutrients and biotic interactions. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 161, 433–454.
| Shifts between clear and turbid states in a shallow lake: multi-causal stress from climate, nutrients and biotic interactions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hill, MS, Zydlewski, GB, Zydlewski, JD, and Gasvoda, JM (2006). Development and evaluation of portable PIT tag detection units: PITpacks. Fisheries Research 77, 102–109.
| Development and evaluation of portable PIT tag detection units: PITpacks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hillyard, KA, Smith, BB, Conallin, AJ, and Gillanders, BM (2010). Optimising exclusion screens to control exotic carp in an Australian lowland river. Marine and Freshwater Research 61, 418–429.
| Optimising exclusion screens to control exotic carp in an Australian lowland river.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Holm, S (1979). A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 6, 65–70.
Horppila, J, Kaitaranta, J, Joensuu, L, and Nurminen, L (2013). Influence of emergent macrophyte (Phragmites australis) density on water turbulence and erosion of organic-rich sediment. Journal of Hydrodynamics 25, 288–293.
| Influence of emergent macrophyte (Phragmites australis) density on water turbulence and erosion of organic-rich sediment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hubbard LL (1975) Hydrology of Malheur Lake, Harney County, southeastern Oregon, Water Resources Inventory 21-75. US Geological Survey, Portland, OR, USA.
Huser, BJ, Bajer, PG, Chizinski, CJ, and Sorensen, PW (2016). Effects of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on sediment mixing depth and mobile phosphorus mass in the active sediment layer of a shallow lake. Hydrobiologia 763, 23–33.
| Effects of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on sediment mixing depth and mobile phosphorus mass in the active sediment layer of a shallow lake.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Huser, BJ, Bajer, PG, Kittelson, S, Christenson, S, and Menken, K (2022). Changes to water quality and sediment phosphorus forms in a shallow, eutrophic lake after removal of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Inland Waters 12, 33–46.
| Changes to water quality and sediment phosphorus forms in a shallow, eutrophic lake after removal of common carp (Cyprinus carpio).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ivey GL, Cornely JE, Ehlers BD (1998) Carp impacts on waterfowl at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon. In ‘Transactions of the 63rd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources conference’, 20–24 March 1998, Orlando, FL, USA. pp. 66–74. (Wildlife Management Institute: Washington, DC, USA)
Janssen, ABG, Teurlincx, S, An, S, Janse, JH, Paerl, HW, and Mooij, WM (2014). Alternative stable states in large shallow lakes? Journal of Great Lakes Research 40, 813–826.
| Alternative stable states in large shallow lakes?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jones, CG, Lawton, JH, and Shachak, M (1994). Organisms as ecosystem engineers. Oikos 69, 373–386.
| Organisms as ecosystem engineers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kaemingk, MA, Jolley, JC, Paukert, CP, Willis, DW, Henderson, K, Holland, RS, Wanner, GA, and Lindvall, ML (2017). Common carp disrupt ecosystem structure and function through middle-out effects. Marine and Freshwater Research 68, 718–731.
| Common carp disrupt ecosystem structure and function through middle-out effects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
King, DR, and Hunt, GS (1967). Effect of carp on vegetation in a Lake Erie marsh. The Journal of Wildlife Management 31, 181–188.
| Effect of carp on vegetation in a Lake Erie marsh.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kloskowski, J (2011). Differential effects of age-structured common carp (Cyprinus carpio) stocks on pond invertebrate communities: implications for recreational and wildlife use of farm ponds. Aquaculture International 19, 1151–1164.
| Differential effects of age-structured common carp (Cyprinus carpio) stocks on pond invertebrate communities: implications for recreational and wildlife use of farm ponds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Koehn J, Brumley A, Gehrke P (2000) ‘Managing the impacts of carp.’ (Bureau of Rural Sciences, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry: Canberra, ACT, Australia)
Kopf, RK, Humphries, P, Bond, NR, Sims, NC, Watts, RJ, Thompson, RM, Hladyz, S, Koehn, JD, King, AJ, McCasker, N, and McDonald, S (2019). Macroecology of fish community biomass–size structure: effects of invasive species and river regulation. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 76, 109–122.
| Macroecology of fish community biomass–size structure: effects of invasive species and river regulation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kuznetsova, A, Brockhoff, PB, and Christensen, RHB (2017). lmerTest package: tests in linear mixed effects models. Journal of Statistical Software 82, 1–26.
| lmerTest package: tests in linear mixed effects models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Longhurst, A (2002). Murphy’s law revisited: longevity as a factor in recruitment to fish populations. Fisheries Research 56, 125–131.
| Murphy’s law revisited: longevity as a factor in recruitment to fish populations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lougheed, VL, Crosbie, B, and Chow-Fraser, P (1998). Predictions on the effect of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exclusion on water quality, zooplankton, and submergent macrophytes in a Great Lakes wetland. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55, 1189–1197.
| Predictions on the effect of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exclusion on water quality, zooplankton, and submergent macrophytes in a Great Lakes wetland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lowe S, Boudjelas S, De Poorter M (2000) 100 of the world’s worst invasive alien species: a selection from the Global Invasive Species Database. (IUCN Invasive Species Specialist Group, ISSG) Available at http://www.issg.org/pdf/publications/worst_100/english_100_worst.pdf [Verified 15 March 2021]
Maceda-Veiga, A, López, R, and Green, AJ (2017). Dramatic impact of alien carp Cyprinus carpio on globally threatened diving ducks and other waterbirds in Mediterranean shallow lakes. Biological Conservation 212, 74–85.
| Dramatic impact of alien carp Cyprinus carpio on globally threatened diving ducks and other waterbirds in Mediterranean shallow lakes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Maiztegui, T, Baigún, CRM, Garcia de Souza, JR, Weyl, OLF, and Colautti, DC (2019). Population responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio to floods and droughts in the Pampean wetlands of South America. NeoBiota 48, 25–44.
| Population responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio to floods and droughts in the Pampean wetlands of South America.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Marshall, JC, Blessing, JJ, Clifford, SE, Hodges, KM, Negus, PM, and Steward, AL (2019). Ecological impacts of invasive carp in Australian dryland rivers. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 29, 1870–1889.
| Ecological impacts of invasive carp in Australian dryland rivers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Matsuzaki, SS, Usio, N, Takamura, N, and Washitani, I (2007). Effects of common carp on nutrient dynamics and littoral community composition: roles of excretion and bioturbation. Fundamental and Applied Limnology Archiv für Hydrobiology 168, 27–38.
| Effects of common carp on nutrient dynamics and littoral community composition: roles of excretion and bioturbation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Matsuzaki, SS, Usio, N, Takamura, N, and Washitani, I (2009). Contrasting impacts of invasive engineers on freshwater ecosystems: an experiment and meta-analysis. Oecologia 158, 673–686.
| Contrasting impacts of invasive engineers on freshwater ecosystems: an experiment and meta-analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18941787PubMed |
McColl, KA, Cooke, BD, and Sunarto, A (2014). Viral biocontrol of invasive vertebrates: lessons from the past applied to cyprinid herpesvirus-3 and carp (Cyprinus carpio) control in Australia. Biological Control 72, 109–117.
| Viral biocontrol of invasive vertebrates: lessons from the past applied to cyprinid herpesvirus-3 and carp (Cyprinus carpio) control in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Miller, SA, and Crowl, TA (2006). Effects of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on macrophytes and invertebrate communities in a shallow lake. Freshwater Biology 51, 85–94.
| Effects of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on macrophytes and invertebrate communities in a shallow lake.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morgan, DKJ, and Hicks, BJ (2013). A metabolic theory of ecology applied to temperature and mass dependence of N and P excretion by common carp. Hydrobiologia 705, 135–145.
| A metabolic theory of ecology applied to temperature and mass dependence of N and P excretion by common carp.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ozimek, T, van Donk, E, and Gulati, RD (1993). Growth and nutrient uptake by two species of Elodea in experimental conditions and their role in nutrient accumulation in a macrophyte-dominated lake. Hydrobiologia 251, 13–18.
| Growth and nutrient uptake by two species of Elodea in experimental conditions and their role in nutrient accumulation in a macrophyte-dominated lake.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Parkos, JJ, Santucci, VJ, and Wahl, DH (2003). Effects of adult common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on multiple trophic levels in shallow mesocosms. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60, 182–192.
| Effects of adult common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on multiple trophic levels in shallow mesocosms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pearson JB (2020) Carp, climate, and water quality: applying systems modeling to ecosystem recovery in Malheur Lake. PhD thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
Pearson, JB, Dunham, JB, Bellmore, JR, and Lyons, D (2019). Modeling control of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in a shallow lake–wetland system. Wetlands Ecology and Management 27, 663–682.
| Modeling control of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in a shallow lake–wetland system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pearson, JB, Bellmore, JR, and Dunham, JB (2022). Controlling invasive fish in fluctuating environments: model analysis of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in a shallow lake. Ecoshpere 13, e3985.
| Controlling invasive fish in fluctuating environments: model analysis of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in a shallow lake.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pine, WE, Martell, SJD, Walters, CJ, and Kitchell, JF (2009). Counterintuitive responses of fish populations to management actions. Fisheries 34, 165–180.
| Counterintuitive responses of fish populations to management actions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Qiu, X, Mei, X, Razlutskij, V, Rudstam, LG, Liu, Z, Tong, C, and Zhang, X (2019). Effects of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on water quality in aquatic ecosystems dominated by submerged plants: a mesocosm study. Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems 420, 28.
| Effects of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on water quality in aquatic ecosystems dominated by submerged plants: a mesocosm study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rice EB, Baird RB, Eaton AD, Clescerei LS (Eds) (2012) ‘Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater’, 22nd edn. (American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA), and Water Environment Federation (WEF): Washington, DC, USA)
Ritvo, G, Kochba, M, and Avnimelech, Y (2004). The effects of common carp bioturbation on fishpond bottom soil. Aquaculture 242, 345–356.
| The effects of common carp bioturbation on fishpond bottom soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Roberts, J, Chick, A, Oswald, L, and Thompson, P (1995). Effect of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., an exotic benthivorous fish, on aquatic plants and water quality in experimental ponds. Marine and Freshwater Research 46, 1171–1180.
| Effect of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., an exotic benthivorous fish, on aquatic plants and water quality in experimental ponds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rytwinski, T, Taylor, JJ, Donaldson, LA, Britton, JR, Browne, DR, Gresswell, RE, Lintermans, M, Prior, KA, Pellatt, MG, Vis, C, and Cooke, SJ (2019). The effectiveness of non-native fish removal techniques in freshwater ecosystems: a systematic review. Environmental Reviews 27, 71–94.
| The effectiveness of non-native fish removal techniques in freshwater ecosystems: a systematic review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Scheffer M (1998) ‘The ecology of shallow lakes.’ (Chapman and Hall: London, UK)
Scheffer, M, and Carpenter, SR (2003). Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: linking theory to observation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 18, 648–656.
| Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: linking theory to observation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Scheffer, M, Hosper, SH, Meijer, M-L, Moss, B, and Jeppesen, E (1993). Alternative equilibria in shallow lakes. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8, 275–279.
| Alternative equilibria in shallow lakes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Shields, JT (1958). Experimental control of carp reproduction through water drawdowns in Fort Randall Reservoir, South Dakota. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 87, 23–33.
| Experimental control of carp reproduction through water drawdowns in Fort Randall Reservoir, South Dakota.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Simpson, WG, Peterson, DP, Steinke, K, and Beck, L (2018). The efficacy of killing developing common carp embryos with electricity: using a laboratory evaluation to assess a potential means of reducing the recruitment of an invasive fish. Management of Biological Invasions 9, 279–290.
| The efficacy of killing developing common carp embryos with electricity: using a laboratory evaluation to assess a potential means of reducing the recruitment of an invasive fish.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stuart, IG, and Conallin, AJ (2018). Control of globally invasive common carp: an 11-year commercial trial of the Williams’ cage. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 38, 1160–1169.
| Control of globally invasive common carp: an 11-year commercial trial of the Williams’ cage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taylor, AH, Tracey, SR, Hartmann, K, and Patil, JG (2012). Exploiting seasonal habitat use of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, in a lacustrine system for management and eradication. Marine and Freshwater Research 63, 587–597.
| Exploiting seasonal habitat use of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, in a lacustrine system for management and eradication.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thresher, RE, Hayes, K, Bax, NJ, Teem, J, Benfey, TJ, and Gould, F (2014). Genetic control of invasive fish: technological options and its role in integrated pest management. Biological Invasions 16, 1201–1216.
| Genetic control of invasive fish: technological options and its role in integrated pest management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Timms, RM, and Moss, B (1984). Prevention of growth of potentially dense phytoplankton populations by zooplankton grazing, in the presence of zooplanktivorous fish, in a shallow wetland ecosystem. Limnology and Oceanography 29, 472–486.
| Prevention of growth of potentially dense phytoplankton populations by zooplankton grazing, in the presence of zooplanktivorous fish, in a shallow wetland ecosystem.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
US Department of the Interior (2018) ‘Development of a framework applicable for managed wetlands: state-and-transition models for wetland habitat assessment and management – procedures manual’, 4th edn. (US https://doi.org/ Lima, MT, USA)
US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013) ‘Comprehensive conservation plan for Malheur National Wildlife Refuge.’ (USFWS: Princeton, OR, USA)
Use of Fishes in Research Committee (2014) ‘Guidelines for the use of fishes in research.’ (American Fisheries Society: Bethesda, MD, USA)
van Donk, E, and van de Bund, WJ (2002). Impact of submerged macrophytes including charophytes on phyto- and zooplankton communities: allelopathy versus other mechanisms. Aquatic Botany 72, 261–274.
| Impact of submerged macrophytes including charophytes on phyto- and zooplankton communities: allelopathy versus other mechanisms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vilizzi, L, Thwaites, LA, Smith, BB, Nicol, JM, and Madden, CP (2014). Ecological effects of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in a semi-arid floodplain wetland. Marine and Freshwater Research 65, 802–817.
| Ecological effects of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in a semi-arid floodplain wetland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vilizzi, L, Tarkan, AS, and Copp, GH (2015). Experimental evidence from causal criteria analysis for the effects of common carp Cyprinus carpio on freshwater ecosystems: a global perspective. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture 23, 253–290.
| Experimental evidence from causal criteria analysis for the effects of common carp Cyprinus carpio on freshwater ecosystems: a global perspective.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Weber, MJ, and Brown, ML (2009). Effects of common carp on aquatic ecosystems 80 years after “carp as a dominant”: ecological insights for fisheries management. Reviews in Fisheries Science 17, 524–537.
| Effects of common carp on aquatic ecosystems 80 years after “carp as a dominant”: ecological insights for fisheries management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Weber, MJ, Hennen, MJ, and Brown, ML (2011). Simulated population responses of common carp to commercial exploitation. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 31, 269–279.
| Simulated population responses of common carp to commercial exploitation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Weber, MJ, Hennen, MJ, Brown, ML, Lucchesi, DO, and St Sauver, TR (2016). Compensatory response of invasive common carp Cyprinus carpio to harvest. Fisheries Research 179, 168–178.
| Compensatory response of invasive common carp Cyprinus carpio to harvest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Werner, EE, and Anholt, BR (1993). Ecological consequences of the trade-off between growth and mortality rates mediated by foraging activity. The American Naturalist 142, 242–272.
| Ecological consequences of the trade-off between growth and mortality rates mediated by foraging activity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19425978PubMed |
Williams AE (2005) The theory of alternative stable states in shallow lake ecosystems. In ‘Water encyclopedia. Vol. 3’. (Eds JH Lehr, J Keeley) pp. 272–274. (Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, USA)
Wium-Andersen, S, Anthoni, U, Christophersen, C, and Houen, G (1982). Allelopathic effects on phytoplankton by substances isolated from aquatic macrophytes (Charales). Oikos 39, 187–190.
| Allelopathic effects on phytoplankton by substances isolated from aquatic macrophytes (Charales).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yick, JL, Wisniewski, C, Diggle, J, and Patil, JG (2021). Eradication of the invasive common carp, Cyprinus carpio from a large lake: lessons and insights from the Tasmanian experience. Fishes 6, 6.
| Eradication of the invasive common carp, Cyprinus carpio from a large lake: lessons and insights from the Tasmanian experience.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zambrano, L, and Hinojosa, D (1999). Direct and indirect effects of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) on macrophyte and benthic communities in experimental shallow ponds in central Mexico. Hydrobiologia 408–409, 131–138.
| Direct and indirect effects of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) on macrophyte and benthic communities in experimental shallow ponds in central Mexico.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zambrano, L, Scheffer, M, and Martínez-Ramos, M (2001). Catastrophic response of lakes to benthivorous fish introduction. Oikos 94, 344–350.
| Catastrophic response of lakes to benthivorous fish introduction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang, X, Liu, Z, Gulati, RD, and Jeppesen, E (2013). The effect of benthic algae on phosphorus exchange between sediment and overlying water in shallow lakes: a microcosm study using 32P as a tracer. Hydrobiologia 710, 109–116.
| The effect of benthic algae on phosphorus exchange between sediment and overlying water in shallow lakes: a microcosm study using 32P as a tracer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
