The herophile species group of Calisto (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae : Satyrinae), new taxa and historical biogeography
Rayner Núñez A E , Alejandro Barro-Cañamero B , Marc C. Minno C , Douglas M. Fernández D and Axel Hausmann A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A SNSB – Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Section Lepidoptera, Munich, 81247, Germany.
B Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, 25 esq. J, Vedado, Plaza de La Revolución, La Habana, 10400, Cuba.
C 600 NW 35th Terrace, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA.
D 1B No. 61 e/2da y 3ra, Caridad de Méndez, Camagüey 71100, Cuba.
E Corresponding author. Email: raynernunez75@gmail.com
Invertebrate Systematics 33(4) 644-660 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS18048
Submitted: 12 June 2018 Accepted: 23 March 2019 Published: 5 August 2019
Abstract
The genus Calisto is endemic to the West Indies and the only representative there of the Satyrinae. Here we reconstruct the evolutionary relationships of the herophile group and describe five new species from Cuba: Calisto gundlachi sp. nov., Calisto siguanensis sp. nov., Calisto disjunctus sp. nov., Calisto sharkeyae sp. nov. and Calisto lastrai sp. nov. We employ one mitochondrial and four nuclear markers to assess the phylogenetic position, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference approaches, of the new taxa. Our phylogenetic trees yielded two strongly supported main clades with four of the new species included within them and C. sharkeyae as sister group to the rest of the major main clade. We conduct time-divergence estimations and ancestral area reconstructions using BEAST and BioGeoBEARS. The group originated 12.15 million years ago during the middle Miocene in north-eastern Cuba, Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa Massif. After 6 million years of in situ evolution most lineages started to colonise other Cuban territories and the Bahamas. This scenario is consistent with key geological events, including the closure of the western Havana–Matanzas channel 8–6 million years ago, the uplift of the Sierra Maestra 6–5 million years ago, and the land connections among Cuban regions during the Miocene–Pleistocene sea level drops. Dispersal and vicariance processes may have occurred, with populations surviving floodings on the major and minor mountain ranges, which remained as ‘islands’.
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:03690F79-F938-42A0-B234-4A228D5C1913
Additional keywords: ancestral area reconstruction, Bahamas, barcodes, COI, Cuba, diagnostic sites, islands within islands, Miocene, phylogeny, Pliocene, sea level change, time-divergence estimation.
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