Molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the cosmopolitan parasitic wasp subfamily Doryctinae (Hymenoptera : Braconidae)
Alejandro Zaldivar-Riverón A G , Sergey A. Belokobylskij B C , Virginia León-Regagnon A , Rosa Briceño-G. D and Donald L. J. Quicke E FA Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er. Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Ap. Postal 70-153, C. P. 04510, México D. F., México.
B Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
C Museum and Institute of Zoology, PAN, Wilcza 64, Warsaw 00-679, Poland.
D Universidad Centroccidental ‘Lisandro Alvarado’, Decanato de Agronomía, Depto. de Ciencias Biológicas, Sección Entomología, Cabudare, Estado Lara, Venezuela.
E Division of Biology and Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK.
F Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
G Corresponding author. Email: azaldivar@mncn.csic.es
Invertebrate Systematics 22(3) 345-363 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS07028
Submitted: 25 June 2007 Accepted: 7 March 2008 Published: 18 June 2008
Abstract
The phylogenetic relationships among representatives of 64 genera of the cosmopolitan parasitic wasps of the subfamily Doryctinae were investigated based on nuclear 28S ribosomal (r) DNA (~650 bp of the D2–3 region) and cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) mitochondrial (mt) DNA (603 bp) sequence data. The molecular dating of selected clades and the biogeography of the subfamily were also inferred. The partitioned Bayesian analyses did not recover a monophyletic Doryctinae, though the relationships involved were only weakly supported. Strong evidence was found for rejecting the monophylies of both Doryctes Haliday, 1836 and Spathius Nees, 1818. Our results also support the recognition of the Rhaconotini as a valid tribe. A dispersal–vicariance analysis showed a strong geographical signal for the taxa included, with molecular dating estimates for the origin of Doryctinae and its subsequent radiation both occurring during the late Paleocene–early Eocene. The divergence time estimates suggest that diversification in the subfamily could have in part occurred as a result of continental break-up events that took place in the southern hemisphere, though more recent dispersal events account for the current distribution of several widespread taxa.
Acknowledgements
We thank the following people for donating material and/or helping: A. Austin, Y. Braet, J. Clavijo, M. Shaw, S. Shaw, and C. van Achterberg; H. Clebsh, and P. L. Baccei for support in the field; M. Brandley and T. Reeder for helping with the Bayesian approach for hypothesis testing; A. Wong for installing the UNIX version of MrBayes. This work was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship given by the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM-DGAPA) to AZR, a Natural Environment Research Council grant to DLJQ (NE/C519538), grants given by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (No. 07-04-00454), the European Commission’s Research Infrastructure Action via the SYNTHESYS project at the MNCN, and the Presidium RAS Program ‘Origin and evolution of Biosphere, Subprogram II’ to SAB, and by two grants given by FONACIT-Venezuela (S1-2000000479, LAB-2000001593) to RB.
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