Many hospital-acquired infections are associated with biofilm infections. In this review article we describe the process of biofilm formation, quorum sensing, and biofilm infection of the healthcare environment, surgical instruments and implantable medical devices. The inability to treat biofilm-infected devices means that therapies targeting biofilm-specific processes and targeting prevention of biofilm formation are required.

Infectious complications of trans-rectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsies (TRUSPB) due to failure of antibiotic prophylaxis have been increasingly observed. Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae is likely to account for antibiotic failure. We report a low rate of infectious complications with norfloxacin + gentamicin combination antibiotic prophylaxis, despite rising rates of resistance in Enterobacteriaceae.

The ability of doctors to ‘speak up’ when medical error occurs is a cornerstone of patient safety. Our study highlights a steep medical hierarchy, with less than half of the doctors willing to question seniors, even when they noticed an error occurring. The central role of communication on delivering safe and effective healthcare needs further research.

There has been an increasing incidence of Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) in the United States. In light of this, this study reviewed the incidence of CDI at a community hospital and the associated use of proton pump inhibitors, antibiotics and both medication concomitantly. Patients on both a proton pump inhibitor and antibiotics were more likely to have CDI, suggesting that both medications should be evaluated in stewardship programs, limiting their use as necessary.

The importance of environmental cleaning in preventing the spread of bacteria to other patients in the hospital is increasingly recognised. Our study provided direct comparison of the three most widely used methods in the same patient rooms. Environmental cultures and ATP measurements did show some correlation, highlighting the need for additional comparative studies and evaluation of the cutoffs for ‘clean’ surfaces.