Register      Login
Environmental Chemistry Environmental Chemistry Society
Environmental problems - Chemical approaches
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Concentrations of CHCl3, C2HCl3, C2Cl4, CHBr3 and CHBr2Cl in the South Yellow Sea and the East China Sea during autumn

Zhen He https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0513-8645 A C D , Jie Ni A D , Gui-Peng Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0107-4568 A B C D , Hong Yu D and Jing Zhang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1515-7735 A C D E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ministry of Education/ Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology/Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.

B Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.

C Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.

D College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.

E Corresponding author. Email: zhangjouc@ouc.edu.cn

Environmental Chemistry 18(6) 226-238 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN21073
Submitted: 1 June 2021  Accepted: 10 September 2021   Published: 15 October 2021

Environmental context. Atmospheric trace gases called volatile halocarbons (VHCs) significantly contribute to ozone depletion and global warming. The oceans are a primary source of VHCs, and concentrations and fluxes of selected VHCs in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea were measured. These data, and the influence of marine environmental factors on these parameters, provide information which will permit the assessment of the marine contribution of VHC behaviour and impact.

Abstract. Concentrations of five volatile halocarbons (VHCs), that is, chloroform (CHCl3), trichloroethylene (C2HCl3), tetrachloroethylene (C2Cl4), bromoform (CHBr3) and chlorodibromomethane (CHBr2Cl), were measured in the South Yellow Sea (SYS) and East China Sea (ECS) during autumn in 2011. The average (min–max) concentrations of CHCl3, C2HCl3, C2Cl4, CHBr2Cl and CHBr3 in surface seawater were 63.91 (24.63–361.23), 28.46 (1.82–85.77), 21.04 (9.85–89.31), 20.92 (7.98–59.89) and 75.91 (0.04–537.04) pmol L−1 respectively. The five VHCs exhibited a point distribution in autumn with clearly defined patterns in certain areas. In the vertical profiles, the highest concentrations of VHCs generally appeared in the upper mixing layer. Different VHCs were correlated with different environmental parameters, such as temperature, salinity, chlorophyll a (Chl-a), nutrient levels and bacteria. These results revealed that the sources of these VHCs were influenced by the Yangtze River effluent and Kuroshio waters as well as the biogenic release. Diurnal bimodal cycles were obvious in the concentrations of the five VHCs in the ECS. In general, concentrations peaked around noon, likely owing to biological production and photochemical mechanisms, and a secondary peak occurred around midnight, possibly resulting from a combination of respiration, zooplankton feeding and tidal action. The estimated sea-to-air fluxes showed that the study area was a net source of the five VHCs in the atmosphere during the study period.

Keywords: volatile halocarbons, distributions, sea-to-air flux, source, South Yellow Sea, East China Sea.


References

Abe M, Okuda Y, Hashimoto S (2020). Effects of nutrient deficiency on the CH2I2, CH2ClI, and CH2BrI production in cultures of the temperate marine phytoplankton Bigelowiella natans. Marine Chemistry 220, 103765
Effects of nutrient deficiency on the CH2I2, CH2ClI, and CH2BrI production in cultures of the temperate marine phytoplankton Bigelowiella natans.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Abrahamsson K, Ekdahl A (1993). Gas chromatographic determination of halogenated organic compounds in water and sediment in the Skagerrak. Journal of Chromatography. A 643, 239–248.
Gas chromatographic determination of halogenated organic compounds in water and sediment in the Skagerrak.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Abrahamsson K, Ekdahl A, Collén J, Pedersén M (1995). Marine algae – a source of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene. Limnology and Oceanography 40, 1321–1326.
Marine algae – a source of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Abrahamsson K, Bertilsson S, Chierici M, Fransson A, Froneman PW, Lorén A, Pakhomov EA (2004a). Variations of biochemical parameters along a transect in the Southern Ocean, with special emphasis on volatile halogenated organic compounds. Deep-sea Research. Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography 51, 2745–2756.
Variations of biochemical parameters along a transect in the Southern Ocean, with special emphasis on volatile halogenated organic compounds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Abrahamsson K, Lorén A, Wulff A, Wängberg SA (2004b). Air–sea exchange of halocarbons: the influence of diurnal and regional variations and distribution of pigments. Deep-sea Research. Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography 51, 2789–2805.
Air–sea exchange of halocarbons: the influence of diurnal and regional variations and distribution of pigments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Anbar AD, Yung YL, Chavez FP (1996). Methyl bromide: Ocean sources, ocean sinks, and climate sensitivity. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 10, 175–190.
Methyl bromide: Ocean sources, ocean sinks, and climate sensitivity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11539402PubMed |

Baker JM, Reeves CE, Nightingale PD, Penkett SA, Gibb SW, Hatton AD (1999). Biological production of methyl bromide in the coastal waters of the North Sea and open ocean of the northeast Atlantic. Marine Chemistry 64, 267–285.
Biological production of methyl bromide in the coastal waters of the North Sea and open ocean of the northeast Atlantic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ballschmiter K (2003). Pattern and sources of naturally produced organohalogens in the marine environment: biogenic formation of organohalogens. Chemosphere 52, 313–324.
Pattern and sources of naturally produced organohalogens in the marine environment: biogenic formation of organohalogens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12738255PubMed |

Bravo-Linares CM, Mudge SM, Loyola-Sepulveda RH (2007). Occurrence of volatile organic compound (VOCs) in Liverpool bay, Irish Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54, 1742–1753.
Occurrence of volatile organic compound (VOCs) in Liverpool bay, Irish Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17889034PubMed |

Carpenter LJ, Yokouchi Y, Atlas EL (2017). Introduction to special issue on natural halocarbons in the atmosphere. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 74, 141–143.
Introduction to special issue on natural halocarbons in the atmosphere.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Chuck AL, Turner SM, Liss PS (2005). Oceanic distributions and air-sea fluxes of biogenic halocarbons in the open ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research. Oceans 110, C10022
Oceanic distributions and air-sea fluxes of biogenic halocarbons in the open ocean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Elliott S, Rowland FS (1993). Nucleophilic substitution rates and solubilities for methyl halides in seawater. Geophysical Research Letters 20, 1043–1046.
Nucleophilic substitution rates and solubilities for methyl halides in seawater.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fogelqvist E (1984). Low molecular weight chlorinated and brominated hydrocarbons in Seawater. PhD thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.

Fuse H, Inoue H, Murakami K, Takimura O, Yamaoka Y (2003). Production of free and organic iodine by Roseovarius spp. FEMS Microbiology Letters 229, 189–194.
Production of free and organic iodine by Roseovarius spp.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 14680698PubMed |

Gómez-Consarnau L, Klein NJ, Cutter LS, Sañudo-Wilhelmy SA (2021). Growth rate-dependent synthesis of halomethanes in marine heterotrophic bacteria and its implications for the ozone layer recovery. Environmental Microbiology Reports 13, 77–85.
Growth rate-dependent synthesis of halomethanes in marine heterotrophic bacteria and its implications for the ozone layer recovery.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 33185965PubMed |

Gong GC, Shiah FK, Liu KK, Wen YH, Liang MH (2000). Spatial and temporal variation of chlorophyll a, primary productivity and chemical hydrography in the southern East China Sea. Continental Shelf Research 20, 411–436.
Spatial and temporal variation of chlorophyll a, primary productivity and chemical hydrography in the southern East China Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Goodwin KD, North WJ, Lidstrom ME (1997). Production of bromoform and dibromomethane by giant kelp: factors affecting release and comparison to anthropogenic bromine sources. Limnology and Oceanography 42, 1725–1734.
Production of bromoform and dibromomethane by giant kelp: factors affecting release and comparison to anthropogenic bromine sources.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

He Z, Yang GP, Lu XL (2013a). Distributions and sea-to-air fluxes of volatile halocarbons in the East China Sea in early winter. Chemosphere 90, 747–757.
Distributions and sea-to-air fluxes of volatile halocarbons in the East China Sea in early winter.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23102696PubMed |

He Z, Yang GP, Lu XL, Ding QY, Zhan HH (2013b). Halocarbons in the marine atmosphere and surface seawater of the south Yellow Sea during spring. Atmospheric Environment 80, 514–523.
Halocarbons in the marine atmosphere and surface seawater of the south Yellow Sea during spring.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

He Z, Yang GP, Lu XL, Zhang HH (2013c). Distributions and sea-to-air fluxes of chloroform, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, chlorodibromomethane and bromoform in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea during spring. Environmental Pollution 177, 28–37.
Distributions and sea-to-air fluxes of chloroform, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, chlorodibromomethane and bromoform in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea during spring.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23466729PubMed |

He Z, Liu QL, Zhang YJ, Yang GP (2017). Distribution and sea-to-air fluxes of volatile halocarbons in the Bohai Sea and North Yellow Sea during spring. The Science of the Total Environment 584–585, 546–553.
Distribution and sea-to-air fluxes of volatile halocarbons in the Bohai Sea and North Yellow Sea during spring.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28132774PubMed |

He Z, Liu SS, Ni J, Chen Y, Yang GP (2019). Spatio-temporal variability and sources of volatile halocarbons in the South Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 149, 110583
Spatio-temporal variability and sources of volatile halocarbons in the South Yellow Sea and the East China Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hossaini R, Chipperfield MP, Montzka SA, Rap A, Dhomse S, Feng W (2015). Efficiency of short-lived halogens at influencing climate through depletion of stratospheric ozone. Nature Geoscience 8, 186–190.
Efficiency of short-lived halogens at influencing climate through depletion of stratospheric ozone.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hu L, Yvon-Lewis SA, Liu Y, Salisbury JE, O’Hern JE (2010). Coastal emissions of methyl bromide and methyl chloride along the eastern Gulf of Mexico and the east coast of the United States. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 24, GB1007
Coastal emissions of methyl bromide and methyl chloride along the eastern Gulf of Mexico and the east coast of the United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hughes C, Chuck AL, Rossetti H, Mann PJ, Turne SM, Clarke A, Chance R, Liss PS (2009). Seasonal cycle of seawater bromoform and dibromomethane concentrations in the coastal bay on the western Antarctic Peninsula. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 23, GB2024
Seasonal cycle of seawater bromoform and dibromomethane concentrations in the coastal bay on the western Antarctic Peninsula.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hughes C, Franklin DJ, Malin G (2011). Iodomethane production by two important marine cyanobacteria: Prochlorococcus marinus (CCMP 2389) and Synechococcus sp. (CCMP 2370). Marine Chemistry 125, 19–25.
Iodomethane production by two important marine cyanobacteria: Prochlorococcus marinus (CCMP 2389) and Synechococcus sp. (CCMP 2370).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hughes C, Johnson M, Utting R, Turner S, Malin G, Clarke A, Liss PS (2013). Microbial control of bromocarbon concentrations in coastal waters of the western Antarctic Peninsula. Marine Chemistry 151, 35–46.
Microbial control of bromocarbon concentrations in coastal waters of the western Antarctic Peninsula.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Johnson TL, Brahamsha B, Palenik B, Mühle J (2015). Halomethane production by vanadium‐dependent bromoperoxidase in marine Synechococcus. Limnology and Oceanography 60, 1823–1835.
Halomethane production by vanadium‐dependent bromoperoxidase in marine Synechococcus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Keppler F, Eiden R, Niedan V, Pracht J, Schöler HF (2000). Halocarbons produced by natural oxidation processes during degradation of organic matter. Nature 403, 298–301.
Halocarbons produced by natural oxidation processes during degradation of organic matter.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 10659846PubMed |

Khalil MAK, Moore RM, Harper DB, Lobert JM, Erickson DJ, Koropalov V, Sturges WT, Keene WC (1999). Natural emissions of chlorine-containing gases: reactive chlorine emissions inventory. Journal of Geophysical Research, D, Atmospheres 104, 8333–8346.
Natural emissions of chlorine-containing gases: reactive chlorine emissions inventory.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kurihara MK, Kimura M, Iwanmoto Y, Narita Y, Ooki A, Eum YJ, Tsuda A, Suzuki K, Tani Y, Yokouchi Y, Uematsu M, Hashimoto S (2010). Distributions of short-lived iodocarbons and biogenic trace gases in the open ocean and atmosphere in the western North Pacific. Marine Chemistry 118, 156–170.
Distributions of short-lived iodocarbons and biogenic trace gases in the open ocean and atmosphere in the western North Pacific.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lee-Taylor JM, Doney SC, Brasseur GP, Müller JF (1998). A global three-dimensional atmosphere-ocean model of methyl bromide distributions. Journal of Geophysical Research, D, Atmospheres 103, 16039–16057.
A global three-dimensional atmosphere-ocean model of methyl bromide distributions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lim YK, Phang SM, Sturges WT, Malin G, Rahman NBA (2018). Emission of short-lived halocarbons by three common tropical marine microalgae during batch culture. Journal of Applied Phycology 30, 341–353.
Emission of short-lived halocarbons by three common tropical marine microalgae during batch culture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lim YK, Keng SL, Phang SM, Sturg E, Malin G, Rahman NA (2019). Effect of irradiance on the emission of short-lived halocarbons from three common tropical marine microalga. PeerJ 7, e6758
Effect of irradiance on the emission of short-lived halocarbons from three common tropical marine microalga.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31041152PubMed |

Liss PS, Merlivat L (1986). Air-sea gas exchange rates: introduction and synthesis. In ‘The role of air-sea exchange in geochemical cycling’. (Ed. P Buat-Menard) pp. 113–127. (Reidel: Dordrecht)

Liss PS, Slater PG (1974). Flux of gases across the air-sea interface. Nature 247, 181–184.
Flux of gases across the air-sea interface.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Liu Y, Yvon-Levis SA, Hu L, Salisbury JE, O’Hern JE (2011). CHBr3, CH2Br2, and CHClBr2 in the U.S. coastal waters during the Gulf of Mexico and East Coast Carbon cruise. Journal of Geophysical Research 116, C10004
CHBr3, CH2Br2, and CHClBr2 in the U.S. coastal waters during the Gulf of Mexico and East Coast Carbon cruise.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Liu Y, Yvon-Lewis SA, Thornton DCO, Campbell L, Bianchi TS (2013). Spatial distribution of brominated very short-lived substances in the eastern Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research. Oceans 118, 2318–2328.
Spatial distribution of brominated very short-lived substances in the eastern Pacific.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lu XL, Yang GP, Song GS (2010). Distributions and fluxes of methyl chloride and methyl bromide in the East China Sea and the Southern Yellow Sea in autumn. Marine Chemistry 118, 75–84.
Distributions and fluxes of methyl chloride and methyl bromide in the East China Sea and the Southern Yellow Sea in autumn.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Montzka SA, Dlugokencky EJ, Butler JH (2011). Non-CO2 greenhouse gases and climate change. Nature 476, 43–50.
Non-CO2 greenhouse gases and climate change.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21814274PubMed |

Moore RM (2000). The solubility of a suite of low molecular weight organochlorine compounds in seawater and implications for estimating the marine source of methyl chloride to the atmosphere. Chemosphere. Global Change Science 2, 95–99.
The solubility of a suite of low molecular weight organochlorine compounds in seawater and implications for estimating the marine source of methyl chloride to the atmosphere.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Moore RM (2003). Marine sources of volatile organohalogens. In ‘Natural production of organohalogen compounds’. (Ed. G Gribble) pp. 85–101. (Springer: Berlin)

Moore RM (2008). A photochemical source of methyl chloride in saline waters. Environmental Science & Technology 42, 1933–1937.
A photochemical source of methyl chloride in saline waters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Moore RM, Zafiriou OC (1994). Photochemical production of methyl iodide in seawater. Journal of Geophysical Research, D, Atmospheres 99, 16415–16420.
Photochemical production of methyl iodide in seawater.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Moore RM, Geen CE, Tait VK (1995). Determination of Henry’s Law constants for a suite of naturally occurring halogenated methanes in seawater. Chemosphere 30, 1183–1191.
Determination of Henry’s Law constants for a suite of naturally occurring halogenated methanes in seawater.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Moore RM, Webb M, Tokarczyk R, Wever R (1996). Bromoperoxidase and iodoperoxidase enzymes and production of halogenated methanes in marine diatom cultures. Journal of Geophysical Research. Oceans 101, 20899–20908.
Bromoperoxidase and iodoperoxidase enzymes and production of halogenated methanes in marine diatom cultures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Murphy CD, Moore RM, White RL (2000). An isotopic labeling method for determinging production of volatile organohalogens by marine microalgae. Limnology and Oceanography 45, 1868–1871.
An isotopic labeling method for determinging production of volatile organohalogens by marine microalgae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Nightingale PD, Malin G, Liss PS (1995). Production of chloroform and other low-molecular weight halocarbons by some species of macroalgae. Limnology and Oceanography 40, 680–689.
Production of chloroform and other low-molecular weight halocarbons by some species of macroalgae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Parsons TR, Maita Y, Lalli CM (1984). ‘A manual of chemical and biological methods for seawater analysis.’ (Pergamon Press: New York, NY)

Pilinis C, King DB, Saltzman ES (1996). The oceans: A source or a sink of methyl bromide?. Geophysical Research Letters 23, 817–820.
The oceans: A source or a sink of methyl bromide?.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Richter U, Wallace DWR (2004). Production of methyl iodide in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters 31, L23S03
Production of methyl iodide in the tropical Atlantic Ocean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Roy R (2010). Short-term variability in halocarbons in relation to phytoplankton pigments in coastal waters of the central eastern Arabian sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 88, 311–321.
Short-term variability in halocarbons in relation to phytoplankton pigments in coastal waters of the central eastern Arabian sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Roy R, Pratihary A, Narvenkar G, Mochemadkar S, Gauns M, Naqvi SWA (2011). The relationship between volatile halocarbons and phytoplankton pigments during a Trichodesmium bloom in the coastal eastern Arabian Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 95, 110–118.
The relationship between volatile halocarbons and phytoplankton pigments during a Trichodesmium bloom in the coastal eastern Arabian Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Schall C, Heumann KG, Kirst GO (1997). Biogenic volatile organoiodine and organobromine hydrocarbons in the Atlantic Ocean from 42°N to 72°S. Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry 359, 298–305.
Biogenic volatile organoiodine and organobromine hydrocarbons in the Atlantic Ocean from 42°N to 72°S.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Smythe-Wright D, Boswell SM, Lucas CH, New AL, Varney MS (2005). Halocarbon and dimethyl sulphide studies around the Mascarene Plateau. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 363, 169–185.
Halocarbon and dimethyl sulphide studies around the Mascarene Plateau.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Smythe-Wright D, Boswell SM, Breithaupt P, Davidson RD, Dimmer CH, Ledicia BDE (2006). Methyl iodide production in the ocean: implications for climate change. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 20, GB3003
Methyl iodide production in the ocean: implications for climate change.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Smythe-Wright D, Peckett C, Boswell S, Harrison R (2010). Controls on the production of organohalogens by phytoplankton: Effect of nitrate concentration and grazing. Journal of Geophysical Research. Biogeosciences 115, G03020
Controls on the production of organohalogens by phytoplankton: Effect of nitrate concentration and grazing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Solomon S, Garcia RR, Ravishankara AR (1994). On the role of iodine in ozone depletion. Journal of Geophysical Research, D, Atmospheres 99, 20491–20499.
On the role of iodine in ozone depletion.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Tanhua T, Olsson KA (2005). Removal and bioaccumulation of anthropogenic, halogenated transient tracers in an anoxic fjord. Marine Chemistry 94, 27–41.
Removal and bioaccumulation of anthropogenic, halogenated transient tracers in an anoxic fjord.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wang BD, Wang GY, Zheng CZ, Liang DF (1999). Distribution characteristics of winter source factors in the Southern Yellow Sea. Huang-Bohai Haiyang 1, 40–45. [in Chinese with English abstract]

Wang B, Wang XL, Zhan R (2003). Nutrient conditions in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 58, 127–136.
Nutrient conditions in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wanninkhof R (1992). Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 97, 7373–7382.
Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

WMO (World Meteorological Organization) (2018). Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2018, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project-Report No. 58, 588 pp, Geneva, Switzerland.

Wofsy SC, McElroy MB, Yung YL (1975). The chemistry of atmospheric bromine. Geophysical Research Letters 2, 215–218.
The chemistry of atmospheric bromine.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Yan RJ, Yin PH, Lin XT (2005). Methodological study on count of bacteria by fluorescence microscope. Ocean Technology 024, 64–66. [in Chinese with English abstract]

Yang B, Lu XL, Yang GP, Ren CY, Zhang L, Song GS (2010a). Study on the distribution and sea-to-air flux of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in the North Yellow Sea. Acta Oceanologica Sinica 32, 47–55. [in Chinese with English abstract]

Yang GP, Lu XL, Song GS, Wang XM (2010b). Purge-and-trap gas chromatography method for analysis of methyl chloride and methyl bromide in seawater. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry 38, 719–722.
Purge-and-trap gas chromatography method for analysis of methyl chloride and methyl bromide in seawater.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Yang GP, Yang B, Lu XL, Ding HB, He Z (2014). Spatio-temporal variations of sea surface halocarbon concentrations and fluxes from southern Yellow Sea. Biogeochemistry 121, 369–388.
Spatio-temporal variations of sea surface halocarbon concentrations and fluxes from southern Yellow Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Yang B, Yang GP, Lu XL, Li L, He Z (2015). Distributions and sources of volatile chlorocarbons and bromocarbons in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 95, 491–502.
Distributions and sources of volatile chlorocarbons and bromocarbons in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25840867PubMed |

Yang Q, Guo Y, Yue E, Erbib C, Jing LA (2020). Methyl chloride produced during UV254 irradiation of saline water. Journal of Hazardous Materials 384, 121263
Methyl chloride produced during UV254 irradiation of saline water.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31605974PubMed |

Yokouchi Y, Ambe Y (2007). Aerosols formed from the chemical reaction of monoterpenes and ozone. Atmospheric Environment 41, 192–197.
Aerosols formed from the chemical reaction of monoterpenes and ozone.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Yokouchi Y, Ooki A, Hashimoto S, Itoh N (2014). A study on the production and emission of marine-derived volatile halocarbons. In ‘Western Pacific Air-Sea Interaction Study’. (Eds M Uematsu, Y Yokouchi, YW Watanabe, S Takeda, Y Yamanaka) pp. 1–25. (Terrapub: Tokyo)

Yuan D, He Z, Yang GP (2019). Spatiotemporal distributions of halocarbons in the marine boundary air and surface seawater of the Changjiang estuary and its adjacent East China Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 140, 227–240.
Spatiotemporal distributions of halocarbons in the marine boundary air and surface seawater of the Changjiang estuary and its adjacent East China Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30803638PubMed |

Zhang SH, Yang GP, Zhang HH, Yang J (2014). Spatial variation of biogenic sulfur in the south Yellow Sea and the East China Sea during summer and its contribution to atmospheric sulfate aerosol. The Science of the Total Environment 488–489, 157–167.
Spatial variation of biogenic sulfur in the south Yellow Sea and the East China Sea during summer and its contribution to atmospheric sulfate aerosol.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24830928PubMed |