Concentrations of CHCl3, C2HCl3, C2Cl4, CHBr3 and CHBr2Cl in the South Yellow Sea and the East China Sea during autumn
Zhen He
A C D , Jie Ni A D , Gui-Peng Yang A B C D , Hong Yu D and Jing Zhang A C D E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ministry of Education/ Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology/Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
B Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
C Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
D College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
E Corresponding author. Email: zhangjouc@ouc.edu.cn
Environmental Chemistry 18(6) 226-238 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN21073
Submitted: 1 June 2021 Accepted: 10 September 2021 Published: 15 October 2021
Environmental context. Atmospheric trace gases called volatile halocarbons (VHCs) significantly contribute to ozone depletion and global warming. The oceans are a primary source of VHCs, and concentrations and fluxes of selected VHCs in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea were measured. These data, and the influence of marine environmental factors on these parameters, provide information which will permit the assessment of the marine contribution of VHC behaviour and impact.
Abstract. Concentrations of five volatile halocarbons (VHCs), that is, chloroform (CHCl3), trichloroethylene (C2HCl3), tetrachloroethylene (C2Cl4), bromoform (CHBr3) and chlorodibromomethane (CHBr2Cl), were measured in the South Yellow Sea (SYS) and East China Sea (ECS) during autumn in 2011. The average (min–max) concentrations of CHCl3, C2HCl3, C2Cl4, CHBr2Cl and CHBr3 in surface seawater were 63.91 (24.63–361.23), 28.46 (1.82–85.77), 21.04 (9.85–89.31), 20.92 (7.98–59.89) and 75.91 (0.04–537.04) pmol L−1 respectively. The five VHCs exhibited a point distribution in autumn with clearly defined patterns in certain areas. In the vertical profiles, the highest concentrations of VHCs generally appeared in the upper mixing layer. Different VHCs were correlated with different environmental parameters, such as temperature, salinity, chlorophyll a (Chl-a), nutrient levels and bacteria. These results revealed that the sources of these VHCs were influenced by the Yangtze River effluent and Kuroshio waters as well as the biogenic release. Diurnal bimodal cycles were obvious in the concentrations of the five VHCs in the ECS. In general, concentrations peaked around noon, likely owing to biological production and photochemical mechanisms, and a secondary peak occurred around midnight, possibly resulting from a combination of respiration, zooplankton feeding and tidal action. The estimated sea-to-air fluxes showed that the study area was a net source of the five VHCs in the atmosphere during the study period.
Keywords: volatile halocarbons, distributions, sea-to-air flux, source, South Yellow Sea, East China Sea.
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