Assessment of DMSP turnover reveals a non-bioavailable pool of dissolved DMSP in coastal waters of the Gulf of Mexico
Chengxuan Li A B C , Gui-Peng Yang A , David J. Kieber D , Jessie Motard-Côté B C and Ronald P. Kiene B C E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, Shandong, P.R. China.
B Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama, 5871 USA Drive North, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
C Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Boulevard, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA.
D Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
E Corresponding author. Email: rkiene@disl.org
Environmental Chemistry 13(2) 266-279 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN15052
Submitted: 7 March 2015 Accepted: 18 June 2015 Published: 17 September 2015
Environmental context. DMSP is one of the most important substrates for marine bacteria and its cycling contributes substantially to fluxes of carbon and sulfur in the ocean. Accurate determination of the concentration of DMSP available to bacteria is essential to quantifying DMSP consumption rates, and this work improves those determinations by identifying non-bioavailable pools of DMSP that have previously gone unrecognised. Improved estimates of DMSP consumption rates will lead to better understanding of its role in ocean food web and biogeochemical dynamics.
Abstract. Dissolved dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSPd) is an important substrate for marine microbes and a precursor of sulfur gases. We compared DMSPd turnover flux rates in coastal seawater measured with a 35S-DMSPd tracer to those obtained with the DMSP-uptake inhibitor glycine betaine (GBT). The 35S-DMSP tracer method yielded DMSPd turnover fluxes (35.7–215 nM day–1) that were 1.7 to 152 times higher than those obtained in parallel samples with the GBT inhibitor method (0.34–21.6 nM day–1). Tests confirmed that GBT functioned as planned by strongly inhibiting DMSPd degradation and that 35S-DMSPd gave accurate estimates of DMSPd loss rate constants. This left the initial DMSPd concentrations, determined by small volume drip filtration (SVDF) through Whatman GF/F filters (0.7-μm nominal retention) ([DMSPd]SVDF), as a potential cause of the discrepancy in rate estimates. Indeed, GF/F filtrate incubations showed that the initial [DMSPd]SVDF overestimated the bioavailable DMSPd concentrations for at least two reasons: (1) a significant fraction (10–37 %) of DMSP passing through GF/F filters was in particles >0.2 μm (likely bacteria) and therefore not dissolved, and (2) a significant pool (0.44–1.0 nM) of operationally dissolved, non-particle DMSP ([DMSPd]<0.2 μm), comprising 40–99 % of [DMSPd]SVDF, was refractory to degradation on a time scale of days. The nature of this refractory DMSP is currently unknown. Accounting for DMSP-containing particles and the refractory DMSP pool in GF/F filtrates is necessary to obtain the true bioavailable DMSPd concentrations, which we estimate to be very low (0.006–1.0 nM; mean of 0.41 nM) in the coastal waters examined, and to avoid overestimation of DMSPd turnover fluxes when using the 35S-DMSP tracer technique.
Additional keywords: bacteria, bioavailability, carbon and sulfur fluxes, climate, dimethylsulfide, DMSPd, filtration, GBT, glycine betaine, organic sulfur, phytoplankton, refractory, uptake inhibitor.
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