Response surface optimised photocatalytic degradation and quantitation of repurposed COVID-19 antibiotic pollutants in wastewaters; towards greenness and whiteness perspectives
Heba T. Elbalkiny A , Ola M. El-Borady B , Sarah S. Saleh
A * and Christine M. El-Maraghy A
A
B
Abstract
The consumption of repurposed antibiotics increased due to the management of COVID-19, which in turn led to their increased presence in wastewater and potential environmental effects. This change has created a greater need for their analysis and treatment in different environmental water. This work presents a safe, low-cost method for analysing and treating water samples to ensure their suitability for human and animal use.
Certain antibiotics have been repurposed for the management of infected COVID-19 cases, because of their possible effect against the virus, and treatment of co-existing bacterial infection. The consumption of these antibiotics leads to their access to sewage, industrial and hospital effluents, then to environmental waters. This creates a need for the routine analysis and treatment of water resources.
Detection and quantitation of three repurposed antibiotics: levofloxacin (LEVO), azithromycin (AZI) and ceftriaxone (CEF) were studied in different water samples using LC-MS/MS methods employing a C18 column and a mobile phase consisting of 80% acetonitrile/20% (0.1% formic acid in water) after solid phase extraction on Oasis HLB Prime cartridges. Real water samples were treated with synthesised graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) to remove the three types of antibiotics from contaminated water under experimental conditions optimised by response surface methodology, using Box–Behnken experimental design.
The analytical method was validated in the concentration range of 10–5000 ng mL–1 for the three drugs. The removal percentages were found to be 92.55, 98.48 and 99.10% for LEVO, AZI and CEF, respectively, using synthesised g-C3N4.
The analytical method was used for the estimation of the three cited drugs before and after their removal. The method was assessed using ComplexGAPI as a greenness tool and the RGB 12 algorithm as a whiteness model. The method was applied for the analysis and treatment of real water samples before and after their treatment. It proved to be simple, low-cost and environmentally sustainable.
Keywords: azithromycin, Box–Behnken, ceftriaxone, ComplexGAPI, g-C3N4, levofloxacin, liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry.
References
Abdullah M, Iqbal J, Ur Rehman MS, Khalid U, Mateen F, Arshad SN, Al-Sehemi AG, Algarni H, Al-Hartomy OA, Fazal T (2023) Removal of ceftriaxone sodium antibiotic from pharmaceutical wastewater using an activated carbon based TiO2 composite: adsorption and photocatalytic degradation evaluation. Chemosphere 317, 137834.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Alias NH, Jaafar J, Samitsu S, Ismail AF, Mohamed MA, Othman MHD, Rahman MA, Othman NH, Nor NAM, Yusof N, Aziz F (2020) Mechanistic insight of the formation of visible-light responsive nanosheet graphitic carbon nitride embedded polyacrylonitrile nanofibres for wastewater treatment. Journal of Water Process Engineering 33, 101015.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Ameen F, Mostafazadeh R, Hamidian Y, Erk N, Sanati AL, Karaman C, Ayati A (2023) Modeling of adsorptive removal of azithromycin from aquatic media by CoFe2O4/NiO anchored microalgae-derived nitrogen-doped porous activated carbon adsorbent and colorimetric quantifying of azithromycin in pharmaceutical products. Chemosphere 329, 138635.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
AttariKhasraghi N, Zare K, Mehrizad A, Modirshahla N, Behnajady MA (2021) Achieving the enhanced photocatalytic degradation of ceftriaxone sodium using CdS-g-C3N4 nanocomposite under visible light irradiation: RSM modeling and optimization. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 31, 3164-3174.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Aydin S, Aydin ME, Ulvi A, Kilic H (2019) Antibiotics in hospital effluents: occurrence, contribution to urban wastewater, removal in a wastewater treatment plant, and environmental risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, 544-558.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Balarak D, Mahvi AH, Shahbaksh S, Wahab MA, Abdala A (2021) Adsorptive Removal of Azithromycin Antibiotic from Aqueous Solution by Azolla Filiculoides-Based Activated Porous Carbon. Nanomaterials (Basel) 11, 3281.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
de Ilurdoz MS, Sadhwani JJ, Reboso JV (2022) Antibiotic removal processes from water & wastewater for the protection of the aquatic environment – a review. Journal of Water Process Engineering 45, 102474.
| Google Scholar |
Dewil R, Mantzavinos D, Poulios I, Rodrigo MA (2017) New perspectives for Advanced Oxidation Processes. Journal of Environmental Management 195, 93-99.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Diwan V, Stålsby Lundborg C, Tamhankar AJ (2013) Seasonal and temporal variation in release of antibiotics in hospital wastewater: estimation using continuous and grab sampling. PLoS One 8, e68715.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Dong J, Zhang Y, Hussain MI, Zhou W, Chen Y, Wang L-N (2022) g-C3N4: Properties, Pore Modifications, and Photocatalytic Applications. Nanomaterials 12, 121.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Elbalkiny HT, El-Zeiny MB, Saleh SS (2022) Analysis of commonly prescribed analgesics using in-silico processing of spectroscopic signals: application to surface water and industrial effluents, and comparative study via green and white assessments. Environmental Chemistry 19, 446-459.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
El-Borady OM, Fawzy M, Hosny M (2021) Antioxidant, anticancer and enhanced photocatalytic potentials of gold nanoparticles biosynthesized by common reed leaf extract. Applied Nanoscience 13, 3149-3160.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
El-Maraghy CM, El-Borady OM, El-Naem OA (2020) Effective Removal of Levofloxacin from Pharmaceutical Wastewater Using Synthesized Zinc Oxid, Graphen Oxid Nanoparticles Compared with their Combination. Scientific Reports 10, 5914.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
El-Maraghy CM, Saleh SS, Ibrahim MS, El-Naem OA (2023) Green wastewater treatment of repurposed COVID-19 therapy (levofloxacin) using synthesized magnetite pectin nanoparticles, comparison with mesoporous silica nanoparticles. BMC Chemistry 17, 134.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
El-Naem OA, Saleh SS (2021) Eco-friendly UPLC-MS/MS analysis of possible add-on therapy for COVID-19 in human plasma: insights of greenness assessment. Microchemical Journal 166, 106234.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Elbalkiny HT, Yehia AM (2022) Artificial networks for spectral resolution of antibiotic residues in bovine milk; solidification of floating organic droplet in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for sample treatment. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 266, 120449.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Elbalkiny HT, Yehia AM, Riad SM, Elsaharty YS (2019) Removal and tracing of cephalosporins in industrial wastewater by SPE-HPLC: optimization of adsorption kinetics on mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Journal of Analytical Science and Technology 10, 21.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Elbalkiny HT, Yehia AM, Riad SM, Elsaharty YS (2020) Derivative constant wavelength synchronous fluorescence spectrometry for the simultaneous detection of cefadrine and cefadroxil in water samples. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 229, 117903.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Fauzi AA, Jalil AA, Mohamed M, Triwahyono S, Jusoh NWC, Rahman AFA, Aziz FFA, Hassan NS, Khusnun NF, Tanaka H (2018) Altering fiber density of cockscomb-like fibrous silica–titania catalysts for enhanced photodegradation of ibuprofen. Journal of Environmental Management 227, 34-43.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Felis E, Kalka J, Sochacki A, Kowalska K, Bajkacz S, Harnisz M, Korzeniewska E (2020) Antimicrobial pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment-occurrence and environmental implications. European Journal of Pharmacology 866, 172813.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Gao J, Cui Y, Tao Y, Huang L, Peng D, Xie S, Wang X, Liu Z, Chen D, Yuan Z (2016) Multiclass method for the quantification of 92 veterinary antimicrobial drugs in livestock excreta, wastewater, and surface water by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Separation Science 39, 4086-4095.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Giacomelli A, Ridolfo AL, Oreni L, Vimercati S, Albrecht M, Cattaneo D, Rimoldi SG, Rizzardini G, Galli M, Antinori S (2021) Consumption of antibiotics at an Italian university hospital during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic: were all antibiotic prescriptions appropriate? Pharmacological Research 164, 105403.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Golovko O, Kumar V, Fedorova G, Randak T, Grabic R (2014) Seasonal changes in antibiotics, antidepressants/psychiatric drugs, antihistamines and lipid regulators in a wastewater treatment plant. Chemosphere 111, 418-426.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Gopal G, Natarajan C, Mukherjee A (2022) Adsorptive removal of fluoroquinolone antibiotics using green synthesized and highly efficient Fe clay cellulose-acrylamide beads. Environmental Technology & Innovation 28, 102783.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Goulart LA, Moratalla A, Lanza MRV, Saez C, Rodrigo MA (2021) Photocatalytic performance of Ti/MMO/ZnO at degradation of levofloxacin: effect of pH and chloride anions. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 880, 114894.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Gulen B, Demircivi P, Simsek EB (2021) UV-A light irradiated photocatalytic performance of hydrothermally obtained W doped BaZrO3 catalyst against the degradation of levofloxacin and tetracycline antibiotic. Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, A: Chemistry 404, 112869.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Guo X, Li D, Wan J, Yu X (2015) Preparation and electrochemical property of TiO2/Nano-graphite composite anode for electro-catalytic degradation of ceftriaxone sodium. Electrochimica Acta 180, 957-964.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Guo Y, Chen C, Ling L, Wang J, Qi H, Zhang B, Wu M (2021) Visible-light-driven photo-Fenton degradation of ceftriaxone sodium using SnS2/LaFeO3 composite photocatalysts. New Journal of Chemistry 45, 18933-18946.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Hashemi SY, Badi MY, Pasalari H, Azari A, Arfaeinia H, Kiani A (2020) Degradation of Ceftriaxone from aquatic solution using a heterogeneous and reusable O3/UV/Fe3O4@ TiO2 systems: operational factors, kinetics and mineralisation. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 18, 6904-6920.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Hayden KR, Jones M, Elkin KR, Shreve MJ, Clees WI, Clark S, Mashtare ML, Veith TL, Elliott HA, Watson JE, Silverman J, Richard TL, Read AF, Preisendanz HE (2022) Impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on pharmaceuticals in wastewater treated for beneficial reuse: two case studies in central Pennsylvania. Journal of Environmental Quality 51, 1066-1082.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Hu Z, Ge M, Guo C (2021) Efficient removal of levofloxacin from different water matrices via simultaneous adsorption and photocatalysis using a magnetic Ag3PO4/rGO/CoFe2O4 catalyst. Chemosphere 268, 128834.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline (2005) Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2(R1). (International Conference of Harmonisation, Geneva, Switzerland). Available at https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q2%28R1%29%20Guideline.pdf
Jiang L, Wang Y, Feng C (2012) Application of Photocatalytic Technology in Environmental Safety. Procedia Engineering 45, 993-997.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
John A, Thomas J (2022) Enhancement of photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4 under solar light by Nd3+ doping and HPA incorporation and its application in the degradation of ceftriaxone sodium. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 1-25.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Karampela I, Dalamaga M (2020) Could Respiratory Fluoroquinolones, Levofloxacin and Moxifloxacin, Prove to be Beneficial as an Adjunct Treatment in COVID-19? Archives of Medical Research 51, 741-742.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Karungamye P, Rugaika A, Mtei K, Machunda R (2022) A Review of Methods for Removal of Ceftriaxone from Wastewater. Journal of Xenobiotics 12, 223-235.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Kayali Z, Obaydo RH, Alhaj Sakur A (2023) Spider diagram and sustainability evaluation of UV-methods strategy for quantification of aspirin and sildenafil citrate in the presence of salicylic acid in their bulk and formulation. Heliyon 9, e15260.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Li C, Jin H, Hou Z, Guo Y (2020a) Study on Degradation of Azithromycin Antibiotics by Molybdenum Sulfide Graphene Oxide Composites under Visible Light. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 174, 012019.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Li J, Tao J, Ma C, Yang J, Gu T, Liu J (2020b) Carboxylated cellulose nanofiber/montmorillonite nanocomposite for the removal of levofloxacin hydrochloride antibiotic from aqueous solutions. RSC Advances 10, 42038-42053.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Liu R, Yang W, He G, Zheng W, Li M, Tao W, Tian M (2020) Ag-modified g-C3N4 prepared by a one-step calcination method for enhanced catalytic efficiency and stability. ACS Omega 5, 19615-19624.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Mannaa IM, El Gazayerly ON, Abdelbary AA, Saleh SS, Mostafa DA (2023) Validated green spectroscopic manipulation of area under the curve (AUC) for estimation of Simvastatin: application to nano-structured lipid carriers and niosomal systems. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27, 30-42.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Marzouk HM, El-Hanboushy S, Obaydo RH, Fayez YM, Abdelkawy M, Lotfy HM (2023) Sustainable chromatographic quantitation of multi-antihypertensive medications: application on diverse combinations containing hydrochlorothiazide along with LC–MS/MS profiling of potential impurities: greenness and whiteness evaluation. BMC Chemistry 17, 101.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Mehrdoost A, Jalilzadeh Yengejeh R, Mohammadi MK, Babaei AA, Haghighatzadeh A (2021) Comparative Analysis of UV-assisted Removal of Azithromycin and Cefixime from Aqueous Solution Using PAC/Fe/Si/Zn Nanocomposite. Journal of Health Sciences & Surveillance System 9, 39-49.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Mohammadi Nezhad A, Talaiekhozani A, Mojiri A, Sonne C, Cho J, Rezania S, Vasseghian Y (2023) Photocatalytic removal of ceftriaxone from wastewater using TiO2/MgO under ultraviolet radiation. Environmental Research 229, 115915.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Morgan EM, Lotfy HM, Obaydo RH, Fayez YM, Abdelkawy M, Boltia SA (2023) Whiteness and greenness assessment with efficacy evaluation of two UPLC systems applied for the quantification of cinnarizine and dimenhydrinate along with their toxic impurities. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy 36, 101225.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Naraginti S, Yu Y-Y, Fang Z, Yong Y-C (2019) Visible light degradation of macrolide antibiotic azithromycin by novel ZrO2/Ag@ TiO2 nanorod composite: transformation pathways and toxicity evaluation. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 125, 39-49.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Nowak PM, Wietecha-Posłuszny R, Pawliszyn J (2021) White Analytical Chemistry: an approach to reconcile the principles of Green Analytical Chemistry and functionality. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 138, 116223.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Ong W-J, Tan L-L, Ng YH, Yong S-T, Chai S-P (2016) Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based photocatalysts for artificial photosynthesis and environmental remediation: are we a step closer to achieving sustainability? Chemical Reviews 116, 7159-7329.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Opriş O, Soran M-L, Coman V, Copaciu F, Ristoiu D (2013) Determination of some frequently used antibiotics in waste waters using solid phase extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometry detection. Central European Journal of Chemistry 11, 1343-1351.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Parnham MJ, Erakovic Haber V, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Perletti G, Verleden GM, Vos R (2014) Azithromycin: mechanisms of action and their relevance for clinical applications. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 143, 225-245.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Płotka-Wasylka J (2018) A new tool for the evaluation of the analytical procedure: Green Analytical Procedure Index. Talanta 181, 204-209.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Płotka-Wasylka J, Wojnowski W (2021) Complementary green analytical procedure index (ComplexGAPI) and software. Green Chemistry 23, 8657-8665.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Raizada P, Sudhaik A, Singh P, Shandilya P, Thakur P, Jung H (2020) Visible light assisted photodegradation of 2, 4-dinitrophenol using Ag2CO3 loaded phosphorus and sulphur co-doped graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets in simulated wastewater. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 13, 3196-3209.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Saleh SS, Lotfy HM, Elbalkiny HT (2023) [In press] An integrated framework to develop an efficient valid green (EVG) HPLC method for the assessment of antimicrobial pollutants with potential threats to human health in aquatic systems. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Salesi S, Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh A (2022) Boosted photocatalytic effect of binary AgI/Ag2WO4 nanocatalyst: characterization and kinetics study towards ceftriaxone photodegradation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29, 90191-90206.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Sayadi MH, Sobhani S, Shekari H (2019) Photocatalytic degradation of azithromycin using GO@ Fe3O4/ZnO/SnO2 nanocomposites. Journal of Cleaner Production 232, 127-136.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Serra-Compte A, Pikkemaat MG, Elferink A, Almeida D, Diogène J, Campillo JA, Llorca M, Álvarez-Muñoz D, Barceló D, Rodríguez-Mozaz S (2021) Combining an effect-based methodology with chemical analysis for antibiotics determination in wastewater and receiving freshwater and marine environment. Environmental Pollution 271, 116313.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Shandilya P, Mittal D, Soni M, Raizada P, Hosseini-Bandegharaei A, Saini AK, Singh P (2018) Fabrication of fluorine doped graphene and SmVO4 based dispersed and adsorptive photocatalyst for abatement of phenolic compounds from water and bacterial disinfection. Journal of Cleaner Production 203, 386-399.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Sharma G, Pahade P, Durgbanshi A, Carda-Broch S, Peris-Vicente J, Bose D (2022) Application of micellar liquid chromatographic method for rapid screening of ceftriaxone, metronidazole, amoxicillin, amikacin and ciprofloxacin in hospital wastewater from Sagar District, India. Total Environment Research Themes 1, 100003.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Shen J, Qian L, Huang J, Guo Y, Zhang Z (2021) Enhanced degradation toward Levofloxacin under visible light with S-scheme heterojunction In2O3/Ag2CO3: Internal electric field, DFT calculation and degradation mechanism. Separation and Purification Technology 275, 119239.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Shokri M, Isapour G, Shamsvand S, Kavousi B (2016) Photocatalytic degradation of ceftriaxone in aqueous solutions by immobilized TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles: investigating operational parameters. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science 7, 2843-2851.
| Google Scholar |
Sun Z, Zhou Q, Yang Y, Li L, Yu M, Li H, Li A, Wang X, Jiang Y (2022) Identification and ultrasensitive photoelectrochemical detection of LncNR_040117: a biomarker of recurrent miscarriage and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome in platelet-derived microparticles. Journal of Nanobiotechnology 20, 396.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Svoboda L, Škuta R, Matějka V, Dvorský R, Matýsek D, Henych J, Mančík P, Praus P (2019) Graphene oxide and graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposites assembled by electrostatic attraction forces: synthesis and characterization. Materials Chemistry and Physics 228, 228-236.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Tantawy MA, Yehia AM, Elbalkiny HT (2023) All-solid-state chip utilizing molecular imprinted polymer for erythromycin detection in milk samples: printed circuit board-based potentiometric system. Microchimica Acta 190, 408.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Thapa B, Pathak SB, Jha N, Sijapati MJ, Shankar PR (2022) Antibiotics Use in Hospitalised COVID-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 60, 625-630.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Tian X, Shen Z, Han Z, Zhou Y (2019) The effect of extracellular polymeric substances on exogenous highly toxic compounds in biological wastewater treatment: an overview. Bioresource Technology Reports 5, 28-42.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Ullah A, Zahoor M, Alam S, Ullah R, Alqahtani AS, Mahmood HM (2019) Separation of Levofloxacin from Industry Effluents Using Novel Magnetic Nanocomposite and Membranes Hybrid Processes. BioMed Research International 2019, 5276841.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Upoma BP, Yasmin S, Ali Shaikh MA, Jahan T, Haque MA, Moniruzzaman M, Kabir MH (2022) A Fast Adsorption of Azithromycin on Waste-Product-Derived Graphene Oxide Induced by H-Bonding and Electrostatic Interactions. ACS Omega 7, 29655-29665.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Vella K (2015) Commission implementing decision (EU) 2015/495 of 20 March 2015 establishing a watch list of substances for Union-wide monitoring in the field of water policy pursuant to Directive 2008/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (Position statement). Official Journal of the European Union.
Wang C, Mantilla-Calderon D, Xiong Y, Alkahtani M, Bashawri YM, Al Qarni H, Hong P-Y (2022) Investigation of Antibiotic Resistome in Hospital Wastewater during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Is the Initial Phase of the Pandemic Contributing to Antimicrobial Resistance? Environmental Science & Technology 56, 15007-15018.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) (2023) WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. World Health Organization. Available at https://covid19.who.int/
Yacouba A, Olowo-okere A, Yunusa I (2021) Repurposing of antibiotics for clinical management of COVID-19: a narrative review. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials 20, 37.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Yan H (2012) Soft-templating synthesis of mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride with enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution under visible light. Chemical Communications 48, 3430-3432.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Yasojima M, Nakada N, Komori K, Suzuki Y, Tanaka H (2006) Occurrence of levofloxacin, clarithromycin and azithromycin in wastewater treatment plant in Japan. Water science and Technology 53, 227-233.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Yehia AM, Elbalkiny HT, Riad SM, Elsaharty YS (2019) Chemometrics for resolving spectral data of cephalosporines and tracing their residue in waste water samples. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 219, 436-443.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Younes HA, Mahmoud HM, Abdelrahman MM, Nassar HF (2019) Seasonal occurrence, removal efficiency and associated ecological risk assessment of three antibiotics in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Egypt. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management 12, 100239.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Yu X, Tang X, Zuo J, Zhang M, Chen L, Li Z (2016) Distribution and persistence of cephalosporins in cephalosporin producing wastewater using SPE and UPLC–MS/MS method. Science of the Total Environment 569–570, 23-30.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Zhang W, Zhou L, Deng H (2016) Ag modified g-C3N4 composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity for diclofenac degradation. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 423, 270-276.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Zhang X, Zhang Y, Jia X, Zhang N, Xia R, Zhang X, Wang Z, Yu M (2021) In situ fabrication of a novel S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyts Bi2O3/P-C3N4 to enhance levofloxacin removal from water. Separation and Purification Technology 268, 118691.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Zhao Y, Liang X, Shi H, Wang Y, Ren Y, Liu E, Zhang X, Fan J, Hu X (2018) Photocatalytic activity enhanced by synergistic effects of nano-silver and ZnSe quantum dots co-loaded with bulk g-C3N4 for Ceftriaxone sodium degradation in aquatic environment. Chemical Engineering Journal 353, 56-68.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Zhu B, Xia P, Ho W, Yu J (2015) Isoelectric point and adsorption activity of porous g-C3N4. Applied Surface Science 344, 188-195.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
