Effects of arsenite and dimethylarsenic on the growth and health of hydroponically grown commercial Doongara rice

Hayden P. Martin; William A. Maher; Peter Snell; Kim J. Philpot; Michael J. Ellwood

doi:10.1071/EN23114

RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)

Previous Next Contents Vol 21(2)

Effects of arsenite and dimethylarsenic on the growth and health of hydroponically grown commercial Doongara rice

Hayden P. Martin ^A , William A. Maher

^A , Peter Snell ^B , Kim J. Philpot ^B and Michael J. Ellwood

^A ^*

+ Author Affiliations

- Author Affiliations

^A Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.

^B Department of Primary Industries, Yanco Agricultural Institute Private Mail Bag, Yanco, NSW 2703, Australia.

^* Correspondence to: michael.ellwood@anu.edu.au

Handling Editor: Jason Unrine

Environmental Chemistry 21, EN23114 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN23114

Submitted: 2 November 2023 Accepted: 19 February 2024 Published: 14 March 2024

© 2024 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

Abstract

Environmental context

Arsenic’s effect on rice plant health is a critical environmental issue. This study reveals that rice plants absorb inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsenic differently, with dimethylarsenic posing a greater threat to rice plant health. These findings contribute to our understanding of arsenic toxicity in plants, highlighting the need for further research into detoxification strategies for dimethylarsenic.

Rationale

Arsenic toxicity in plants, particularly the effects of different arsenic species, is not well understood. This study investigated the response of juvenile rice plants, grown hydroponically, to prolonged exposure to inorganic and dimethyl arsenic species. The hydroponic system removed complexity by eliminating soil processes.

Methodology

The accumulation of inorganic As (As_i) and dimethylarsenic (DMA) in hydroponically grown rice was monitored for plants exposed to different As concentrations (0–6.7 µmol L⁻¹). Dose–response experiments were conducted to compare the effects of As species on plant health in terms of growth.

Results

Plants absorb As_i and DMA linearly, with faster As_i uptake than DMA. As_i exposure leads to higher As concentrations in roots and shoots than DMA. Despite more As_i in roots, its translocation to shoots is lower. As_i and DMA accumulation in shoots remains relatively constant at lower As concentrations. At the highest As concentration, more As_i and DMA accumulate in shoots. Exceeding 1.6 µmol L⁻¹, As_i and DMA reduce plant height and biomass. As_i-exposed plants show little health differences except at the highest concentrations. DMA-exposed plants show more unhealthy instances above 1.6 µmol L⁻¹.

Discussion

DMA’s lower uptake rate aligns with other rice species results, as do lower shoot and root translocation factors. Near constant As concentrations in shoots at low As_i concentrations suggest an As_i exposure threshold before plants lose their As sequestration ability, resulting in reduced growth. DMA exposure increases the number of unhealthy plants, suggesting a greater potential effect on plant health and fitness, differing from As_i-induced stress.

Keywords: arsenic species, dimethylarsinic acid, health effects, hydroponics, rice, rice grain, straight head disease, uptake.

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