A novel method for the quantification, characterisation and speciation of silver nanoparticles in earthworms exposed in soil
Sunday Makama A B D , Ruud Peters C , Anna Undas C and Nico W. van den Brink B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, NL-6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands.
B Department of Toxicology, Tuinlaan 5, NL-6703 HE, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.
C RIKILT – Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, NL-6708 WB, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands.
D Corresponding author. Email: sunday.makama@wur.nl
Environmental Chemistry 12(6) 643-651 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN15006
Submitted: 8 January 2015 Accepted: 19 September 2015 Published: 26 October 2015
Environmental context. Increasing production and application of engineered nanoparticles has led to an increased potential for their environmental release, raising ecotoxicological concerns. To appropriately characterise the fate, effects and risks of engineered nanoparticles in environmental systems, methods are essential to characterise nanoparticles in complex biological matrices. This study reports a method that extracts nanoparticles from tissues of organisms, enabling their detection, quantification and characterisation.
Abstract. Currently, metal engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in tissues are generally quantified based on total concentrations after acid digestion of samples. Electron microscopy has also been used for non-quantitative characterisation of NPs in situ, and can be enhanced with tissue-processing methods that can extract NPs with minimal destruction. For a proper risk assessment, it is essential to quantify and characterise the ENPs in both exposure media and organisms. For this, we developed a method using a combination of enzymatic tissue processing, followed by single particle inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (sp-ICP-MS) to characterise and quantify AgNPs in tissues of earthworms after in vivo exposure in soil to 50-nm AgNPs or AgNO3. Tissue concentration of Ag in worms exposed to 250 mg AgNP kg–1 soil (dry weight) was 0.502 ± 0.219 mg kg–1 (dry weight) reflecting a bioaccumulation factor of 0.002. In both AgNP- and AgNO3-treated groups, the metal-rich granule fraction contained the highest Ag concentrations (77 and 64 % respectively). Total Ag contained in the earthworm tissue of the AgNP- and AgNO3-treated groups comprised ~34 and <5 % particulate Ag respectively. Average particle size of AgNPs extracted from tissues was consistent with exposure material (44 v. 43 nm respectively). High resolution field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy-dispersive X-ray (FEG-SEM/EDX) identified individual AgNPs in tissue extracts with corresponding spectral elemental peaks, providing further evidence of tissue particle uptake and composition.
Additional keywords: accumulation, enzymatic digestion, particle characterisation, sp-ICP-MS, tissue concentration.
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