Transformations that affect fate, form and bioavailability of inorganic nanoparticles in aquatic sediments
Richard Kynaston Cross A B , Charles Tyler A and Tamara S Galloway A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Geoffrey Pope Building, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
B Corresponding author. Email: rc434@exeter.ac.uk
Richard Cross is a Ph.D. scholar whose research is focussed on the factors that determine bioaccumulation of engineered nanomaterials in sediment-dwelling organisms. His work considers the transformations that engineered nanoparticles undergo within aquatic ecosystems, in order to investigate the link between the physicochemical properties of engineered nanoparticles and biological factors that determine the bioavailability of these anthropogenic pollutants. The focus on sediment-dwelling species is in recognition of the important ecological role of these organisms and the potential risk they face from engineered nanoparticles in the future. |
Charles Tyler is a reproductive physiologist and ecotoxicologist. He is Deputy Head of Biosciences and Academic Lead in the College of Life and Environmental Sciences at the University of Exeter. His research spans investigations into the effect mechanisms of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, pharmaceuticals and nanoparticles, to assessing population-level effects of these environmental contaminants in wildlife, principally fish. He has published more than 220 full research papers and peer-reviewed book chapters and reviews with ~13 000 citations. In 2012, Tyler was awarded The Fisheries Society of the British Isles Beverton Medal for ground-breaking research in fish biology. |
Tamara Galloway is Professor of Ecotoxicology at the University of Exeter and also holds an honorary Chair at University of Exeter Medical School. Tamara's research focus is in understanding how organisms adapt and survive in polluted environments, what makes some organisms more susceptible than others, and how we can use this information to protect the environment. She studies the health effects of some of the most pressing priority and emerging pollutants, including complex organics, plastics additives, metals and nanoparticles. |
Environmental Chemistry 12(6) 627-642 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN14273
Submitted: 18 December 2014 Accepted: 6 May 2015 Published: 14 August 2015
Environmental context. Engineered nanomaterials are increasingly being used and their release to the aquatic environment poses potential risk. We review the research on transformations of engineered nanomaterial in the aquatic sediment environments, and consider the implications of their release. The key factors defining the fate of engineered nanomaterials in aqueous and sediment systems are identified.
Abstract. Inorganic nanoparticles are at risk of release into the aquatic environment owing to their function, use and methods of disposal. Aquatic sediments are predicted to be a large potential sink for such engineered nanomaterial (ENM) emissions. On entering water bodies, ENMs undergo a range of transformations dependent on the physicochemical nature of the immediate environment, as they pass from the surface waters to sediments and into sediment-dwelling organisms. This review assesses the current state of research on transformations of metal-based ENMs in the aquatic environment, and considers the implications of these transformations for the fate and persistence of ENMs and their bioavailability to organisms within the benthos. We identify the following factors of key importance in the fate pathways of ENMs in aqueous systems: (1) extracellular polymeric substances, prevalent in many aquatic systems, create the potential for temporal fluxes of ENMs to the benthos, currently unaccounted for in predictive models. (2) Weak secondary deposition onto sediment grains may dominate sediment–ENM interactions for larger aggregates >500 nm, potentially granting dynamic long-term mobility of ENMs within sediments. (3) Sulfurisation, aggregation and reduction in the presence of humic acid is likely to limit the presence of dissolved ions from soluble ENMs within sediments. (4) Key benthic species are identified based on their ecosystem functionality and potential for ENM exposure. On the basis of these findings, we recommend future research areas which will support prospective risk assessment by enhancing our knowledge of the transformations ENMs undergo and the likely effects these will have.
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