High crop productivity with high water use in winter and summer on the Liverpool Plains, eastern Australia
R. R. Young A C , P.-J. Derham A , F. X. Dunin B , A. L. Bernardi A and S. Harden AA NSW Department of Primary Industries, Tamworth Agricultural Institute, 4 Marsden Park Road, Calala, NSW 2340, Australia.
B CSIRO Plant Industry, PO Box 5, Wembley 6913, Australia.
C Corresponding author. Email: rick.young@dpi.nsw.gov.au
Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59(4) 303-320 https://doi.org/10.1071/AR07138
Submitted: 3 April 2007 Accepted: 14 January 2008 Published: 8 April 2008
Abstract
We report exceptional productivity and associated water-use efficiency across seasons for commercial crops of rainfed spring wheat and grain sorghum growing on stored soil water in Vertosols on the Liverpool Plains, central-eastern Australia. Agreement between the independently measured terms of evapotranspiration (ET) and the soil water balance (in-crop rainfall + δsoil water) was achieved within acceptable uncertainty across almost all measurement intervals, to provide a reliable dataset for the analysis of growth and water-use relationships without the confounding influence of water outflow either overland or within the soil. Post-anthesis intrinsic transpiration efficiency (kc ) values of 4.7 and 7.2 Pa for wheat and sorghum, respectively, and grain yields of 8 and 7 t/ha from ET of 450 and 442 mm (1.8 and 1.6 g/m2.mm), clearly demonstrate the levels of productivity and water-use efficiency possible for well-managed crops within an intensive and productive response cropping sequence. The Vertosols in which the crops were grown enabled rapid and apparently unconstrained delivery of significant quantities of subsoil water (34% and 51% of total available) after anthesis, which enabled a doubling of pre-anthesis standing biomass and harvest indices of almost 50%. Durum wheat planted into only 0.30 m of moist soil and enduring lower than average seasonal rainfall, yielded less biomass and grain (2.3 t/ha) with lower water-use efficiency (0.95 g/m2.mm) but larger transpiration efficiency, probably due to reduced stomatal conductance. We argue that crop planting in response to stored soil water and management for high water-use efficiency to achieve high levels of average productivity of crop sequences over time can have a significant effect on both increased productivity and enhanced hydrological stability across alluvial landscapes.
Acknowledgments
We thank Neil, Kaye, Geoff, and Kelly Barwick for their generous hospitality, helpful discussions, provision of records, and access to the Yarrabah paddocks, and Robert Duddy for access to the Hudson paddock. We are particularly grateful to Grace Connor and Harry Rose for their tireless efforts in keeping the Bowen ratio units alive, to Anthony Ringrose-Voase for use of his material coordinates correction of soil water, and to Ross McLeod and Michael Honess for technical assistance. We thank Malem McLeod, Sean Murphy, and an anonymous referee for very helpful comments on the draft manuscript. We gratefully acknowledge funding from the GRDC and Salt Action, and support from the North West Catchment Management Committee and the Liverpool Plains Land Management Committee.
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