Effects of cyanogenesis on morphology and estimated leaf flavonoid content in 51 white clover accessions
Jennifer Gabriel
A B * , Nicole M. van Dam A B C and Henriette Uthe A B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
B Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07743, Germany.
C Leibniz Institute for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) e.V., Großbeeren 14979, Germany.
Crop & Pasture Science 74(5) 494-506 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22140
Submitted: 19 April 2022 Accepted: 28 November 2022 Published: 30 January 2023
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY)
Abstract
Context: Plant secondary metabolites are of increasing interest for agriculture due to their diverse beneficial ecological functions. The forage crop white clover (Trifolim repens L.) has been intensively studied for its heritable polymorphism in the production of hydrogen cyanide (HCN), a toxic defense phytochemical. In fodder production, white clover accessions are selected for biomass production, whereby HCN production is an unwanted trait.
Aim: Although white clover is a legume crop species of global importance, little is known about the linkage between cyanogenesis and growth traits, in particular in combination with resistance-related phytochemicals, such as flavonoids. We aimed to identify differences in biomass production, estimated leaf flavonoid content, and trait correlations in cyanogenic (HCN-producing) and acyanogenic (not HCN-producing) individuals and accessions of white clover.
Methods: We analysed 51 white clover accessions from a German germplasm collection for variability in selected traits: cyanogenesis as equivalent electrode potential, estimated leaf flavonoid content, root and shoot production, leaf area, specific leaf area, and number of leaves produced.
Key results: Most accessions considered as cyanogenic were heterogeneous for HCN production. Chemical–morphological trait correlations differed between cyanogenic and acyanogenic plants. Acyanogenic individuals and accessions produced more and larger leaves compared to cyanogenic ones. Within cyanogenic accessions, the higher the HCN level of a plant, the fewer but larger leaves were produced.
Conclusions: Our results highlight the variation in HCN production within the selected accessions, which calls for a consistent approach for cyanogenesis-based categorisation.
Implication: This study demonstrates the potential of combining phytochemical traits with biomass production in white clover when selecting material in a breeding program.
Keywords: cyanogenesis, forage legume, genotypic diversity, leaf flavonoids, legume chemistry, morphological traits, plant breeding, Trifolium repens, white clover germplasm.
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