Zinc sulfate application to grass forages (oat, barley, annual ryegrass and triticale) for increasing their yield, quality and profitability
Ahmad Sher
A * , Sami Ul-Allah A * , Abdul Sattar A , Muhammad Ijaz A , Abdul Qayyum B , Abdul Manaf C and Muhammad Suleman A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bahadur Campus Layyah, Layyah 31200, Pakistan.
B Department of Agronomy, University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan.
C Department of Agronomy, PMAS–Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan.
Crop & Pasture Science 73(5) 473-483 https://doi.org/10.1071/CP21476
Submitted: 28 May 2021 Accepted: 21 September 2021 Published: 15 March 2022
© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing
Abstract
Livestock is a major component of agriculture, and a continuous supply of nutritious forage/fodder is necessary for sustainable livestock production. Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a global concern for human as well as animal health, but Zn fertilisation for productivity and biofortification of forages is not well understood. Therefore, a 2-year field study was conducted to investigate the influence of soil-applied ZnSO4 on morphological traits, yield, nutritional quality and Zn biofortification in four forages. The grass forages (oat, barley, annual ryegrass and triticale) were factorially combined with four levels of soil-applied ZnSO4 (0, 5, 10 and 15 kg ha−1) and two harvesting stages (booting and 50% heading). The treatments were arranged in a triplicate randomised complete block design with a split–split plot arrangement where grass forage species were kept in main plots, ZnSO4 application in subplots and harvest stage in subsub plots. ZnSO4 fertilisation significantly improved morphological traits, dry-matter yield, crude protein, acid detergent fibre (ADF) and shoot Zn concentration in all grass forages at both harvesting stages. Best performance for yield, quality traits, and Zn contents across all crops was observed where ZnSO4 was applied at 15 kg ha−1 and harvested at 50% heading stage. The highest economic returns were provided by triticale and annual ryegrass with 15 kg ZnSO4 ha−1 harvested at 50% heading. In conclusion, for a profitable forage production with good nutritional quality and Zn biofortification, triticale and annual ryegrass may be recommended with a 15 kg ZnSO4 ha−1 fertilisation.
Keywords: crude protein, dry biomass yield, forage quality, grass forage crops, harvesting stages, shoot Zn content, ZnSO4 fertiliser rate.
References
Abbas Q, Han J, Adeel A, Ullah R (2019) Dairy production under climatic risks: perception, perceived impacts and adaptations in Punjab, Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, 4036| Dairy production under climatic risks: perception, perceived impacts and adaptations in Punjab, Pakistan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Akar TM, Dusunceli F (2004) Barley: post-harvest operations. Available at http/www.fao.org/inpho/content/compend/text/ch31/ch31htm. [Accessed 15 August 2015]
Alharby HF, Metwali EMR, Fuller MP, Aldhebiani AY (2016) Impact of application of zinc oxide nanoparticles on callus induction, plant regeneration, element content and antioxidant enzyme activity in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) under salt stress. Archives of Biological Sciences 68, 723–735.
| Impact of application of zinc oxide nanoparticles on callus induction, plant regeneration, element content and antioxidant enzyme activity in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) under salt stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Arough YK, Sharifi RS, Sedghi M, Barmaki M (2016) Effect of zinc and bio fertilizers on antioxidant enzymes activity, chlorophyll content, soluble sugars and proline in triticale under salinity condition. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 44, 116–124.
| Effect of zinc and bio fertilizers on antioxidant enzymes activity, chlorophyll content, soluble sugars and proline in triticale under salinity condition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bremner JM, Mulvaney CS (1982) Nitrogen-Total. In ‘Methods of soil analysis, Part 2. Agronomy’. Vol. 9. (Eds AL Page, RH Miller, DR Keeney) pp. 595–624.
Cabot C, Martos S, Llugany M, Gallego B, Tolrà R, Poschenrieder C (2019) A role for zinc in plant defense against pathogens and herbivores. Frontiers in Plant Science 10, 1171
| A role for zinc in plant defense against pathogens and herbivores.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31649687PubMed |
Daphade ST, Hanwate GR, Gourkhede PH (2019) Influence of Zn, Fe and B applications on nutrient availability in soil at critical growth stages of maize (Zea mays) in vertisol of Marathawada region of Maharashtra, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 8, 206–212.
| Influence of Zn, Fe and B applications on nutrient availability in soil at critical growth stages of maize (Zea mays) in vertisol of Marathawada region of Maharashtra, India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Delevatti LM, Cardoso AS, Barbero RP, Leite RG, Romanzini EP, Ruggieri AC, Reis RA (2019) Effect of nitrogen application rate on yield, forage quality, and animal performance in a tropical pasture. Scientific Reports 9, 7596
| Effect of nitrogen application rate on yield, forage quality, and animal performance in a tropical pasture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31110320PubMed |
Dimkpa CO, Singh U, Bindraban PS, Elmer WH, Gardea-Torresdey JL, White JC (2019) Zinc oxide nanoparticles alleviate drought-induced alterations in sorghum performance, nutrient acquisition, and grain fortification. Science of The Total Environment 688, 926–934.
| Zinc oxide nanoparticles alleviate drought-induced alterations in sorghum performance, nutrient acquisition, and grain fortification.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dove H, Masters DG, Thompson AN (2016) New perspectives on the mineral nutrition of livestock grazing cereal and canola crops. Animal Production Science 56, 1350–1360.
| New perspectives on the mineral nutrition of livestock grazing cereal and canola crops.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Government of Pakistan (2019–2020) ‘Economic Survey Government of Pakistan, Finance Division, Economic Wing. Islamabad’. p. 18. (Government of Pakistan)
Hussain S, Maqsood M, Ijaz M, Ul-Allah S, Sattar A, Sher A, Nawaz A (2020) Combined application of potassium and zinc improves water relations, stay green, irrigation water use efficiency, and grain quality of maize under drought stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition 43, 2214–2225.
| Combined application of potassium and zinc improves water relations, stay green, irrigation water use efficiency, and grain quality of maize under drought stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Khinchi V, Kumawat SM, Dotaniya CK, Rakesh S (2017) Effect of nitrogen and zinc levels on yield and economics of fodder pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L.). International Journal of Pure and Applied Bioscience 5, 426–430.
Kouřimská L, Sabolová M, Horčička P, Rys S, Božik M (2018) Lipid content, fatty acid profile, and nutritional value of new oat cultivars. Journal of Grass Science 84, 44–48.
| Lipid content, fatty acid profile, and nutritional value of new oat cultivars.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kumawat SM, Kantwa SR, Desai DH, Arif M, Khinchi V (2017) Responses of dual-purpose oats (Avena sativa L.) to sowing date, method and level of zinc with or without theorem in irrigated arid ecosystem. Range Management and Agroforestry 38, 215–220.
Kutlu İ, Gülmezoğlu N (2019) Effects of humic acid and zinc applications on yield and agronomic features of oat genotypes sown in winter or spring. In ‘2nd International Conference on Food, Agriculture and Animal Sciences (ICOFAAS 2019)’, 8–11 November 2019. p. 62. (ICOFAAS: Erzurum, Turkey)
Lee MA, Davis AP, Chagunda MGG, Manning P (2017) Forage quality declines with rising temperatures, with implications for livestock production and methane emissions. Biogeosciences 14, 1403–1417.
| Forage quality declines with rising temperatures, with implications for livestock production and methane emissions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindsay WL, Norvell W (1978)) Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal 42, 421–428.
Loskutov IG, Polonskiy VI (2017) Content of β-glucans in oat grain as a perspective direction of breeding for health products and fodder. Agricultural Biology 52, 646–657.
| Content of β-glucans in oat grain as a perspective direction of breeding for health products and fodder.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lynch JM, Barbano DM (1999) Kjeldahl nitrogen analysis as a reference method for protein determination in dairy products. Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 82, 1389–1398.
| Kjeldahl nitrogen analysis as a reference method for protein determination in dairy products.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 10589493PubMed |
Manaf A, Raheel M, Sher A, Sattar A, Ul-Allah S, Qayyum A, Hussain Q (2019) Interactive effect of zinc fertilization and cultivar on yield and nutritional attributes of canola (Brassica napus L.). Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 19, 671–677.
| Interactive effect of zinc fertilization and cultivar on yield and nutritional attributes of canola (Brassica napus L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mattioli GA, Rosa DE, Turic E, Testa JA, Lizarraga RM, Fazzio LE (2019) Effect of injectable copper and zinc supplementation on weight, hematological parameters, and immune response in pre-weaning beef calves. Biological Trace Element Research 189, 456–462.
| Effect of injectable copper and zinc supplementation on weight, hematological parameters, and immune response in pre-weaning beef calves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30196487PubMed |
Mohan S, Singh M, Kumar R (2015) Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc fertilization on yield and quality of kharif fodder - a review. Agricultural Reviews 36, 218–226.
| Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc fertilization on yield and quality of kharif fodder - a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moinuddin Imas P (2010) Effect of zinc nutrition on growth, yield, and quality of forage sorghum in respect with increasing potassium application rates. Journal of Plant Nutrition 33, 2062–2081.
Neumann M, Dochwat A, Santos LC, Souza AM, Ueno RK, Carletto R, Manchur AD, Czelusniak C (2020) Fiber composition and digestibility of fodder in different annual ryegrass fields submitted to different harvesting management systems. Arquivo Brasileiro de MedicinaVeterinária e Zootecnia 72, 1535–1544.
| Fiber composition and digestibility of fodder in different annual ryegrass fields submitted to different harvesting management systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Olsen RS, Watanabe FS (1957) A method to determine a phosphorous adsorption maximum of soils as measured by Langmuir isotherms. Soil Science Society of America Journal 21, 144–149.
| A method to determine a phosphorous adsorption maximum of soils as measured by Langmuir isotherms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pandey M, Chauhan M (2016) Effect of sulphur and zinc on yield, quality and uptake of nutrients in barley. Annals of Plant and Soil Research 18, 74–78.
Poblaciones MJ, Damon P, Rengel Z (2017) Foliar zinc biofortification effects in Lolium rigidum and Trifolium subterraneum grown in cadmium-contaminated soil. PLoS ONE 12, e0185395
| Foliar zinc biofortification effects in Lolium rigidum and Trifolium subterraneum grown in cadmium-contaminated soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28950025PubMed |
Rashid A (1986) Mapping zinc fertility of soils using indicator plants and soil analyses. Doctoral Thesis, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, HI, USA.
Rivera-Martín A, Pinheiro N, García White T, Suárez-Bárcena MJP (2017) Effect of zinc application on double aptitude triticale crop. Pastos 47, 29–35.
Singh AP, Lal M, Pal AK, Singh AP (2016) Effect of FYM, potassium and zinc on yield, quality and uptake of nutrients in forage oat in alluvial soil. Annals of Plant and Soil Research 18, 338–341.
Soleymani A, Shahrajabian MH (2012) The effects of Fe, Mn and Zn foliar application on yield, ash and protein percentage of forage sorghum in climatic condition of Esfahan. International Journal of Biology 4, 92–96.
| The effects of Fe, Mn and Zn foliar application on yield, ash and protein percentage of forage sorghum in climatic condition of Esfahan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Song C, Shen X (2020) Effects of environmental zinc deficiency on antioxidant system function in Wumeng semi-fine wool sheep. Biological Trace Element Research 195, 110–116.
| Effects of environmental zinc deficiency on antioxidant system function in Wumeng semi-fine wool sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31392543PubMed |
Subhan F, Khakwani AA, Khan AA, Farullah G, Khan AA, Saddozai UK (2017) Forage and grain production dynamics of triticale sown on different dates under irrigated conditions. Agriculture & Forest 63, 107–112.
| Forage and grain production dynamics of triticale sown on different dates under irrigated conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Swain PS, Rao SBN, Rajendran D, Dominic G, Selvaraju S (2016) Nano zinc, an alternative to conventional zinc as animal feed supplement: a review. Animal Nutrition 2, 134–141.
| Nano zinc, an alternative to conventional zinc as animal feed supplement: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29767083PubMed |
Ul-Allah S, Khan AA, Burkert A, Wachendorf M (2014a) Socio-economic aspects of fodder production in urban and peri-urban areas of Faisalabad. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 51, 483–490.
Ul-Allah S, Khan AA, Fricke T, Buerkert A, Wachendorf M (2014b) Fertilizer and irrigation effects on forage protein and energy production under semi-arid conditions of Pakistan. Field Crops Research 159, 62–69.
| Fertilizer and irrigation effects on forage protein and energy production under semi-arid conditions of Pakistan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA (1991) Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3583–3597.
| Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1660498PubMed |
