Benchmarking water-use efficiency of rainfed wheat in dry environments
Victor O. Sadras A C and John F. Angus BA South Australian Research and Development Institute & School of Agriculture and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Research Precinct, GPO Box 397, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
B CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2061, Australia.
C Corresponding author. Email: sadras.victor@saugov.sa.gov.au
Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57(8) 847-856 https://doi.org/10.1071/AR05359
Submitted: 12 October 2005 Accepted: 27 March 2006 Published: 9 August 2006
Abstract
Attainable water-use efficiency relates attainable yield, i.e. the best yield achieved through skilful use of available technology, and seasonal evapotranspiration (ET). For wheat crops in south-eastern Australia, there is a common, often large gap between actual and attainable water-use efficiency. To evaluate whether this gap is only an Australian problem or a general feature of dry environments, we compared water-use efficiency of rainfed wheat in south-eastern Australia, the North American Great Plains, China Loess Plateau, and the Mediterranean Basin. A dataset of published data was compiled (n = 691); water-use efficiency (WUEY/ET) was calculated as the ratio between actual grain yield and seasonal ET. Maximum WUEY/ET was 22 kg grain/ha.mm. Average WUEY/ET (kg grain/ha.mm) was 9.9 for south-eastern Australia, 9.8 for the China Loess Plateau, 8.9 for the northern Great Plains of North America, 7.6 for the Mediterranean Basin, and 5.3 for the southern-central Great Plains; the variation in average WUEY/ET was largely accounted for by reference evapotranspiration around flowering. Despite substantial differences in important factors including soils, precipitation patterns, and management practices, crops in all these environments had similarly low average WUEY/ET, between 32 and 44% of attainable efficiency. We conclude that low water-use efficiency of Australian crops is not a local problem, but a widespread feature of dry environments. Yield gap analysis for crops in the Mallee region of Australia revealed low availability of phosphorus, late sowing, and subsoil chemical constraints as key factors reducing water-use efficiency, largely through their effects on soil evaporation.
Additional keywords: Australia, China, evapotranspiration, Great Plains, Mediterranean Basin, nitrogen, soil evaporation, yield.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Mustafa Pala, Mingbin Huang, Zhang Xiying, Wen Chen, and David Bonfil for information on cropping systems of Syria, China, and Israel, James Nuttall for his Victorian Mallee dataset, Matthew Reynolds and Gustavo Slafer for comments on the manuscript, Jane Gillooly for drawing the map, and the Australian Grains and Research Development Corporation for financial support.
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