Development of Calendula Oil/Chitosan Microcapsules and their Biological Safety Evaluation
Pik Ling Lam A , Marcus Chun Wah Yuen A , Chi Wai Kan A , Raymond Siu Ming Wong B , Gregory Yin Ming Cheng B , Kim Hung Lam C , Roberto Gambari D F , Stanton Hon Lung Kok E F and Chung Hin Chui A B FA Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
B Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
C Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
D Bio-Pharma Net, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
E School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
F Corresponding authors. Email: chchui@graduate.hku.hk; stanton@cuhk.edu.hk; gam@unife.it
Australian Journal of Chemistry 65(1) 72-80 https://doi.org/10.1071/CH11386
Submitted: 4 October 2011 Accepted: 17 November 2011 Published: 19 January 2012
Abstract
Chitosan microcapsules containing calendula oil are prepared by a simple coacervation method. The results show that the performance of the microcapsules, including encapsulation efficiency and particle size, is affected by the change of various processing parameters of microcapsule manufacture. Under the optimal parameter combinations: the chitosan concentration is 1.5 % w/v; the core/wall ratio is 0.1 g mL–1; the stirring speed is 1200 rpm; and the pH value is 10. The compositions and surface morphology of the microcapsules are examined using scanning electron microscope and FTIR spectroscopy. The in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation demonstrates that the microcapsules exhibit no significant cytotoxic effects on human keratinocytes. The in vivo toxicology analysis on mice proves that the microcapsules do not exert any significant necrosis to the liver. It is suggested that our microcapsules could be used as a safe drug carrier both topically and orally.
References
[1] A. K. Aggarwal, A. Dayal, N. Kumar, Colourage 1998, 8, 15.[2] I. Holme, Textile Magazine 2004, 13, 7.
[3] A. R. Kumar, Y. N. Rane, International Dyer 2004, 189, 14.
[4] S. Y. Cheng, C. W. M. Yuen, C. W. Kan, K. K. L. Cheuk, Textile Asia 2007, 38, 68.
[5] K. Harini, A. Leena, V. R. Giri Dev, Synthetic Fibres 2007, 36, 21.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmvFGrtLs%3D&md5=38963213df6d2f7256e2d265e686d127CAS |
[6] S. S. Bansode, S. K. Banarjee, D. D. Gaikwad, S. L. Jadhav, R. M. Thorat, Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2010, 1, 38.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXnvVChu7k%3D&md5=eb9c943ef7b80dc14f3252719770bfb9CAS |
[7] P. B. Deasy, Microencapsulation and Related Drug Processes, Marcel and Dekker, New York. 1984.
[8] K. H. Lam, S. Y. Cheng, P. L. Lam, C. W. M. Yuen, S. M. R. Wong, F. Y. Lau, B. S. P. Lai, R. Gambari, C. H. Chui, Minerva Biotecnologica. 2010, 22, 23.
[9] G. Hörger, United States Patent 3872024. 1975.
[10] J. Rozenblat, S. Magdassi, N. Garti, J. Microencapsul. 1989, 6, 515.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXkt1Cmtw%3D%3D&md5=0ce2d3ef3b72a1bc4255e2c50f937dd0CAS |
[11] V. K. Biswaranjan Mohanty, J. K. Aswal, H. B. Bohidar, J. Surf. Sci. Technol. 2005, 21, 149.
[12] M. Saravanan, K. Panduranga Rao, Carbohydr. Polym. 2010, 80, 808.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXjvFymuro%3D&md5=4061b2d64a8131bfaecc76d09e5dee36CAS |
[13] S. Y. Cheng, M. C. Yuen, P. L. Lam, R. Gambari, R. S. Wong, G. Y. Cheng, P. B. Lai, S. W. Tong, K. W. Chan, F. Y. Lau, S. H. Kok, K. H. Lam, C. H. Chui, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2010, 20, 4147.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXotVKnu74%3D&md5=716389887b5f5df4655abc4bee8a30e9CAS |
[14] C. Peniche, W. Argűelles-Monal, H. Peniche, N. Acosta, Macromol. Biosci. 2003, 3, 511.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXos1Gru78%3D&md5=6f201edebb7c30f64efaed24b02bb173CAS |
[15] S. A. Agnihorti, N. N. Mallikarjuna, T. M. Aminabhavi, J. Controlled Release 2004, 100, 5.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[16] Z. Yang, B. Song, Q. Li, H. Fan, F. Ouyang, China Particuology 2004, 2, 70.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXlvFWhtL8%3D&md5=84e5660e82a80317f5b7a18134f7f894CAS |
[17] W. C. Hsieh, C. P. Chang, Y. L. Gao, Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces 2006, 53, 209.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1eqs7jK&md5=fbe4237cb677b6eb778da987d6e42a91CAS |
[18] W. I. Abdel-Fattah, T. Jiang, Gel-T. El-Bassyouni, C.T. Laurencin, Acta Biomater. 2007, 3, 503.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtVektL7I&md5=4aafa4e79a3a3181464eae696d86f493CAS |
[19] U. Klinkesorn, D. J. McClements, Food Chem. 2009, 114, 1308.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXitFCjtro%3D&md5=3d84f720c25227935fa4e0f8a7c16d37CAS |
[20] W. Tiyaboonchai, Naresuan University J. 2003, 11, 51.
[21] R. J. Soane, M. Frier, A. C. Perkins, N. S. Jones, S. S. Davis, L. Illum, Int. J. Pharm. 1999, 178, 55.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXlvVegtw%3D%3D&md5=a36832a16380594b8c83dadd9c27ea7cCAS |
[22] K. J. Kemper, Calendula (Calendula officinalis), in Longwood Herbal Task Force 1999, 1. (Available at: http://www.mcp.edu/herbal/default.htm)
[23] M. Ukiya, T. Akihisa, K. Yasukawa, H. Tokuda, T. Suzuki, Y. Kimura, J. Nat. Prod. 2006, 69, 1692.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1WhsLbL&md5=f0906c73d47b280b0d064fa41e0b370eCAS |
[24] E. Jiménez-Medina, A. Garcia-Lora, L. Paco, I. Algarra, A. Collado, F. Garrido, BMC Cancer 2006, 6, 119.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[25] C. Mayes, Calendula – Calendula officinalis, The Herb Research Foundation: Herb Information Greenpaper, 2001. (Available at: http://www.herbs.org/greenpapers/calendula.html)
[26] T. S. Roopashree, R. Dang, R. H. Shobha Rani, C. Narendra, Thai. J. Pharm. Sci. 2009, 33, 74.
[27] Z. Ahmad, Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract. 2010, 16, 10.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
[28] P. A. Davis, C. K. Iwahashi, Cancer Lett. 2001, 165, 27.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhvVahtb4%3D&md5=db551f734241ec8587e184b8f399afc1CAS |
[29] S. D. Krashen, Internet J. Health 2009, 9.,
[30] A. Pertovaara, T. Kauppila, M. M. Hämäläinen, Exp. Brain Res. 1996, 107, 497.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK28vhvVKjtg%3D%3D&md5=d4bb75159a5859f3d03d322e67aceaf4CAS |
[31] C. H. Chui, R. S. M. Wong, R. Gambari, G. Y. M. Cheng, M. C. W. Yuen, K. W. Chan, S. W. Tong, F. Y. Lau, P. B. S. Lai, K. H. Lam, C. L. Ho, C. W. Kan, S. Y. Leung, W. Y. Wong, Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2009, 17, 7872.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtl2js7zF&md5=ccddfe36288e20d0f56ca2dab20215a1CAS |
[32] Q. W. Wang, M. C. W. Yuen, G. L. Lu, C. L. Ho, G. J. Zhou, O. M. Keung, K. H. Lam, R. Gambari, X. M. Tao, R. S. M. Wong, S. W. Tong, K. W. Chan, F. Y. Lau, F. Cheung, G. Y. M. Cheng, C. H. Chui, W. Y. Wong, ChemMedChem 2010, 5, 559.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXktFyqtLg%3D&md5=ada2d7e57dafa211d44dbfab01d0eed6CAS |
[33] I. Higuera-Ciapara, L. Felix-Valenzuela, F. M. Goycoolea, W. Argűelles-Monal, Carbohydr. Polym. 2004, 56, 41.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjsVeju78%3D&md5=c04a3a5a49af1ae47ac750fccbe85239CAS |
[34] C. Peniche, I. Howland, O. Carrillo, C. Zaldívar, W. Argűelles-Monal, Food Hydrocoll. 2004, 18, 865.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXltFOqu7g%3D&md5=a138b21e3edc2621ff3371d2c4a4b432CAS |
