Unassisted invasions: understanding and responding to Australia’s high-impact environmental grass weeds
Rieks D. van Klinken A C and Margaret H. Friedel B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A CSIRO, EcoSciences Precinct, PO Box 2583, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia.
B CSIRO, PO Box 2114, Alice Springs, NT 0871, Australia.
C Corresponding author. Email: rieks.vanklinken@csiro.au
Australian Journal of Botany 65(8) 678-690 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT17152
Submitted: 24 August 2017 Accepted: 5 December 2017 Published: 11 January 2018
Journal compilation © CSIRO 2017 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
Alien grass species have been intentionally introduced into Australia since European settlement over 200 years ago, with many subsequently becoming weeds of natural environments. We have identified the subset of these weeds that have invaded and become dominant in environmentally important areas in the absence of modern anthropogenic disturbance, calling them ‘high-impact species’. We also examined why these high-impact species were successful, and what that might mean for management. Seventeen high-impact species were identified through literature review and expert advice; all had arrived by 1945, and all except one were imported intentionally, 16 of the 17 were perennial and four of the 17 were aquatic. They had become dominant in diverse habitats and climates, although some environments still remain largely uninvaded despite apparently ample opportunities. Why these species succeeded remains largely untested, but evidence suggests a combination of ecological novelty (both intended at time of introduction and unanticipated), propagule pressure (through high reproductive rate and dominance in nearby anthropogenically-disturbed habitats) and an ability to respond to, and even alter, natural disturbance regimes (especially fire and inundation). Serious knowledge gaps remain for these species, but indications are that resources could be better focused on understanding and managing this limited group of high-impact species. They require new management approaches, especially to counteract the advantages of ecological novelty, reduce propagule pressure and better direct the large-scale disturbance regimes that continue to shape plant communities across Australia.
Additional keywords: disturbance regime, ecological novelty, invasive plants, pasture grass, Poaceae, propagule pressure.
References
Amor R, Stevens P (1976) Spread of weeds from a roadside into sclerophyll forests at Dartmouth, Australia. Weed Research 16, 111–118.| Spread of weeds from a roadside into sclerophyll forests at Dartmouth, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Arriaga L, Castellanos AE, Moreno E, Alarcón J (2004) Potential ecological distribution of alien invasive species and risk assessment: a case study of buffel grass in arid regions of Mexico. Conservation Biology 18, 1504–1514.
| Potential ecological distribution of alien invasive species and risk assessment: a case study of buffel grass in arid regions of Mexico.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ash AJ, Corfield JP, McIvor JG, Ksiksi TS (2011) Grazing management in tropical savannas: utilization and rest strategies to manipulate rangeland condition. Rangeland Ecology and Management 64, 223–239.
| Grazing management in tropical savannas: utilization and rest strategies to manipulate rangeland condition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Auld B (2012) An overview of pre-border weed risk assessment and post-border weed risk management protocols. Plant Protection Quarterly 27, 105–111.
Australian Government: Department of Environment (2015) ‘Threat abatement advice for ecosystem degradation, habitat loss and species decline in arid and semi-arid Australia due to the invasion of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris and C. pennisetiformis).’ Available at http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/threat-abatement-advices/buffel-grass-introduction [Verified 8 December 2017].
Australian Government: Department of the Environment and Energy (2012) ‘Background: threat abatement plan to reduce the impacts on northern Australia’s biodiversity by the five listed grasses.’ Available at http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/threat-abatement-plan-reduce-impacts-northern-australias-biodiversity-five-listed-grasses [Verified 8 December 2017].
Baird A (1977) Regeneration after fire in King’s Park, Perth, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 60, 1–22.
Bayliss P, van Dam RA, Bartolo RE (2012) Quantitative ecological risk assessment of the Magela Creek floodplain in Kakadu National Park, Australia: comparing point source risks from the Ranger Uranium Mine to diffuse landscape-scale risks. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 18, 115–151.
| Quantitative ecological risk assessment of the Magela Creek floodplain in Kakadu National Park, Australia: comparing point source risks from the Ranger Uranium Mine to diffuse landscape-scale risks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XovFGmtw%3D%3D&md5=ee7e9e0833baf3a08dc1ad264e341082CAS |
Binks R, Cann A, Perks S, Silla A, Young M (2005) The effect of introduced buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) on terrestrial invertebrate communities in the Pilbara region, Western Australia. Honours thesis. School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA.
Brooks KJ, Setterfield SA, Douglas MM (2010) Exotic grass invasions: applying a conceptual framework to the dynamics of degradation and restoration in Australia’s tropical savannas. Restoration Ecology 18, 188–197.
| Exotic grass invasions: applying a conceptual framework to the dynamics of degradation and restoration in Australia’s tropical savannas.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Butler BDW, Fairfax RJ (2003) Buffel grass and fire in a gidgee and brigalow woodland: a case study from central Queensland. Ecological Management & Restoration 4, 120–125.
| Buffel grass and fire in a gidgee and brigalow woodland: a case study from central Queensland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cameron A, Lemcke B (2006) ‘Kent gamba grass.’ Northern Territory Department of Primary Industry, Fisheries and Mines. Agnote E8. Available at https://dpir.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/233522/413.pdf [Verified 8 December 2017].
Catford JA, Jansson R, Nilsson C (2009) Reducing redundancy in invasion ecology by integrating hypotheses into a single theoretical framework. Diversity & Distributions 15, 22–40.
| Reducing redundancy in invasion ecology by integrating hypotheses into a single theoretical framework.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Catford JA, Vesk PA, White MD, Wintle BA (2011) Hotspots of plant invasion predicted by propagule pressure and ecosystem characteristics. Diversity & Distributions 17, 1099–1110.
| Hotspots of plant invasion predicted by propagule pressure and ecosystem characteristics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chambers JC, Wisdom MJ (2009) Priority research and management issues for the imperiled Great Basin of the western United States. Restoration Ecology 17, 707–714.
| Priority research and management issues for the imperiled Great Basin of the western United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chejara VK, Kristiansen P, Whalley RDB, Sindel BM, Nadolny C (2008) Factors affecting germination of Coolatai grass (Hyparrhenia hirta). Weed Science 56, 543–548.
| Factors affecting germination of Coolatai grass (Hyparrhenia hirta).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXotlKitLw%3D&md5=7ed59d0f575fc19f67dcd8b81863989cCAS |
Christie E (1975) A note on the significance of Eucalyptus populnea for buffel grass production in infertile semi-arid rangelands. Tropical Grasslands 9, 243–246.
Christie E, Moorby J (1975) Physiological responses of semiarid grasses. I. The influence of phosphorus supply on growth and phosphorus absorption. Crop and Pasture Science 26, 423–436.
| Physiological responses of semiarid grasses. I. The influence of phosphorus supply on growth and phosphorus absorption.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Clarke PJ, Latz PK, Albrecht DE (2005) Long-term changes in semi-arid vegetation: Invasion of an exotic perennial grass has larger effects than rainfall variability. Journal of Vegetation Science 16, 237–248.
| Long-term changes in semi-arid vegetation: Invasion of an exotic perennial grass has larger effects than rainfall variability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Clayton W, Vorontsova M, Harman K, Williamson H (2006) ‘GrassBase – The online world grass flora.’ Available at http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html [Verified 8 December 2017].
Colautti RI, Grigorovich IA, MacIsaac HJ (2006) Propagule pressure: a null model for biological invasions. Biological Invasions 8, 1023–1037.
| Propagule pressure: a null model for biological invasions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cook B, Clem R (2000) Which grass for where? Tropical Grasslands 34, 156–161.
Cook GD, Dias L (2006) It was no accident: deliberate plant introductions by Australian government agencies during the 20th century. Australian Journal of Botany 54, 601–625.
| It was no accident: deliberate plant introductions by Australian government agencies during the 20th century.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cook BG, Pengelly BC, Brown SD, Donnelly JL, Eagles DA, Franco MA, Hanson J, Mullen BF, Partridge IJ, Peters M, Schultze-Kraft R (2005) ‘Tropical forages: an interactive selection tool.’ Available at http://www.tropicalforages.info/ [Verified 8 December 2017].
D’Antonio CM, Vitousek PM (1992) Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global change. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23, 63–87.
| Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global change.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Daehler CC, Goergen EM (2005) Experimental restoration of an indigenous Hawaiian grassland after invasion by buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris). Restoration Ecology 13, 380–389.
| Experimental restoration of an indigenous Hawaiian grassland after invasion by buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dear B, Ewing M (2008) The search for new pasture plants to achieve more sustainable production systems in southern Australia. Animal Production Science 48, 387–396.
| The search for new pasture plants to achieve more sustainable production systems in southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Diamond J (2005) ‘Collapse: how societies choose to fail or succeed.’ (Penguin: New York)
Dixon I, Dixon K, Barrett M (2002) Eradication of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) on Airlie Island, Pilbara Coast, Western Australia. In ‘Turning the tide: eradication of invasive species’. (Eds CR Veitch, MN Clout) pp. 92–101. (IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group: Gland, Switzerland)
Dodd AJ, Burgman MA, McCarthy MA, Ainsworth N (2015) The changing patterns of plant naturalization in Australia. Diversity & Distributions 21, 1038–1050.
| The changing patterns of plant naturalization in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dyer R, Jacklyn P, Partridge I, Russell-Smith J, Williams D (2001) ‘Savanna burning: understanding and using fire in northern Australia.’ (Tropical Savannas Co-operative Research Centre: Darwin, NT)
Everson T, Yeaton R, Everson C (2009) Seed dynamics of Themeda triandra in the montane grasslands of South Africa. African Journal of Range & Forage Science 26, 19–26.
| Seed dynamics of Themeda triandra in the montane grasslands of South Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Eyre TJ, Wang J, Venz MF, Chilcott C, Whish G (2009) Buffel grass in Queensland’s semi-arid woodlands: response to local and landscape scale variables, and relationship with grass, forb and reptile species. The Rangeland Journal 31, 293–305.
| Buffel grass in Queensland’s semi-arid woodlands: response to local and landscape scale variables, and relationship with grass, forb and reptile species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Faithful IG (2012) Biodiversity impacts of Chilean needle grass Nassella neeisiana on Australia’s indigenous grasslands. PhD thesis. School of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic.
Fensham RJ, Donald S, Dwyer JM (2013) Propagule pressure, not fire or cattle grazing, promotes invasion of buffel grass Cenchrus ciliaris. Journal of Applied Ecology 50, 138–146.
| Propagule pressure, not fire or cattle grazing, promotes invasion of buffel grass Cenchrus ciliaris.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fensham RJ, Silcock JL, Firn J (2014) Managed livestock grazing is compatible with the maintenance of plant diversity in semidesert grasslands. Ecological Applications 24, 503–517.
| Managed livestock grazing is compatible with the maintenance of plant diversity in semidesert grasslands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC2cjjvVCgtw%3D%3D&md5=4c213433c701279388abcd2a6112b184CAS |
Ferdinands K, Beggs K, Whitehead P (2005) Biodiversity and invasive grass species: multiple-use or monoculture? Wildlife Research 32, 447–457.
| Biodiversity and invasive grass species: multiple-use or monoculture?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fisher JL, Veneklaas EJ, Lambers H, Loneragan WA (2006) Enhanced soil and leaf nutrient status of a Western Australian Banksia woodland community invaded by Ehrharta calycina and Pelargonium capitatum. Plant and Soil 284, 253–264.
| Enhanced soil and leaf nutrient status of a Western Australian Banksia woodland community invaded by Ehrharta calycina and Pelargonium capitatum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XntF2isrY%3D&md5=065c1233be5774cd4d0e88f3f949b0b4CAS |
Flores TA, Setterfield SA, Douglas MM (2005) Seedling recruitment of the exotic grass Andropogon gayanus (Poaceae) in northern Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 53, 243–249.
| Seedling recruitment of the exotic grass Andropogon gayanus (Poaceae) in northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Foxcroft LC, McGeoch M (2011) Implementing invasive species management in an adaptive management framework. Koedoe 53, 105–115.
| Implementing invasive species management in an adaptive management framework.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Foxcroft LC, Richardson DM, Rejmánek M, Pyšek P (2010) Alien plant invasions in tropical and sub-tropical savannas: patterns, processes and prospects. Biological Invasions 12, 3913–3933.
| Alien plant invasions in tropical and sub-tropical savannas: patterns, processes and prospects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Friedel M, Puckey H, O’Malley C, Waycott M, Smyth A, Miller G (2006) ‘Buffel grass: both friend and foe. An evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of buffel grass use and recommendations for future research.’ (Desert Knowledge Co-operative Research Centre: Alice Springs, NT)
Friedel MH, Grice AC, Marshall NA, van Klinken RD (2011) Reducing contention amongst organisations dealing with commercially valuable but invasive plants: the case of buffel grass. Environmental Science & Policy 14, 1205–1218.
| Reducing contention amongst organisations dealing with commercially valuable but invasive plants: the case of buffel grass.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Friedel M, Allan GE, Duguid A (2014) Do we know enough about vegetation dynamics to manage fire regimes in central Australia? Ecological Management & Restoration 15, 128–132.
| Do we know enough about vegetation dynamics to manage fire regimes in central Australia?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Grice AC, Friedel MH, Marshall NA, Van Klinken RD (2012) Tackling contentious invasive plant species: a case study of buffel grass in Australia. Environmental Management 49, 285–294.
| Tackling contentious invasive plant species: a case study of buffel grass in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Griffin GF (1984) Hummock grasslands. In ‘Management of Australia’s rangelands’. (Eds GN Harrington, AD Wilson, MD Young) pp. 271–284. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Vic.)
Griffin G (1993) The spread of buffel grass in inland Australia: land use conflicts. In ‘Proceedings I: 10th Australian Weeds Conference and 14th Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference’. pp. 501–504. (Weed Society of Queensland: Brisbane, Qld.)
Griffin G, Friedel M (1985) Discontinuous change in central Australia: some implications of major ecological events for land management. Journal of Arid Environments 9, 63–80.
Groves RH (2003) ‘Weed categories for natural and agricultural ecosystem management.’ (Bureau of Rural Sciences: Canberra, ACT)
Groves R, Whalley R (2002) Grass and grassland ecology in Australia. Flora of Australia 43, 157–182.
Groves RH, Boden R, Lonsdale WM (2005) ‘Jumping the garden fence: invasive garden plants in Australia and their environmental and agricultural impacts.’ WWF-Australia: Ultimo, NSW, Australia. Available at http://awsassets.wwf.org.au/downloads/sp090_jumping_the_garden_fence_invasive_1feb05.pdf [Verified 8 December 2017].
Gurevitch J, Fox GA, Wardle GM, Inderjit , Taub D (2011) Emergent insights from the synthesis of conceptual frameworks for biological invasions. Ecology Letters 14, 407–418.
| Emergent insights from the synthesis of conceptual frameworks for biological invasions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3Mvls1Sgug%3D%3D&md5=40c3070d0c774e10edbfe2bf10c66e6cCAS |
Hannon-Jones M, Weber J (2008) ‘Pest plant risk assessment: Aleman grass (Echinochloa polystachya).’ (Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries: Brisbane, Qld)
Hindell J, Warry F (2010) Nutritional support of estuary perch (Macquaria colonorum) in a temperate Australian inlet: evaluating the relative importance of invasive Spartina. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 90, 159–167.
| Nutritional support of estuary perch (Macquaria colonorum) in a temperate Australian inlet: evaluating the relative importance of invasive Spartina.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlehtLjL&md5=ccef2c16097083847608c407959c4d90CAS |
Hobbs RJ, Humphries SE (1995) An integrated approach to the ecology and management of plant invasions. Conservation Biology 9, 761–770.
| An integrated approach to the ecology and management of plant invasions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hussey M, Burson B (2005) Registration of ‘Frio’ buffelgrass. Crop Science 45, 411–412.
| Registration of ‘Frio’ buffelgrass.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Julien M, Griffiths M (1998) ‘Biological control of weeds: a world catalogue of agents and their target weeds.’ (CABI Publishing: New York)
Keir AF, Vogler WD (2006) A review of current knowledge of the weedy species Themeda quadrivalvis (grader grass). Tropical Grasslands 40, 193–201.
Kibbler H, Bahnisch L (1999) Distribution of Hymenachne acutigluma (Steudel) Guilliland in ponded pasture is limited by photosynthetic response to temperature. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, 437–443.
| Distribution of Hymenachne acutigluma (Steudel) Guilliland in ponded pasture is limited by photosynthetic response to temperature.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
King EG, Hobbs RJ (2006) Identifying linkages among conceptual models of ecosystem degradation and restoration: towards an integrative framework. Restoration Ecology 14, 369–378.
| Identifying linkages among conceptual models of ecosystem degradation and restoration: towards an integrative framework.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Knapp PA (1996) Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) dominance in the Great Basin Desert: history, persistence, and influences to human activities. Global Environmental Change 6, 37–52.
| Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) dominance in the Great Basin Desert: history, persistence, and influences to human activities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lawes R, Grice A (2010) War of the weeds: competition hierarchies in invasive species. Austral Ecology 35, 871–878.
| War of the weeds: competition hierarchies in invasive species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lawson B, Bryant M, Franks A (2004) Assessing the potential distribution of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) in Australia using a climate-soil model. Plant Protection Quarterly 19, 155–163.
Lazarides M (2002) Economic attributes of Australian grasses. Flora of Australia 43, 213–244.
Lindsay EA, Cunningham SA (2011) Native grass establishment in grassy woodlands with nutrient enriched soil and exotic grass invasion. Restoration Ecology 19, 131–140.
| Native grass establishment in grassy woodlands with nutrient enriched soil and exotic grass invasion.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lockwood JL, Cassey P, Blackburn TM (2009) The more you introduce the more you get: the role of colonization pressure and propagule pressure in invasion ecology. Diversity & Distributions 15, 904–910.
| The more you introduce the more you get: the role of colonization pressure and propagule pressure in invasion ecology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lonsdale WM (1994) Inviting trouble – introduced pasture species in northern Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 19, 345–354.
| Inviting trouble – introduced pasture species in northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Loo SE, Mac Nally R, O’Dowd DJ, Thomson JR, Lake P (2009) Multiple scale analysis of factors influencing the distribution of an invasive aquatic grass. Biological Invasions 11, 1903–1912.
| Multiple scale analysis of factors influencing the distribution of an invasive aquatic grass.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mack RN (1989) Temperate grasses vulnerable to plant invasions: characteristics and consequences. In ‘Biological invasions: a global perspective. 1989 SCOPE edn’. (Wiley: Chichester, UK)
Marshall N, Friedel M, Van Klinken R, Grice A (2011) Considering the social dimension of invasive species: the case of buffel grass. Environmental Science & Policy 14, 327–338.
| Considering the social dimension of invasive species: the case of buffel grass.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Martin TG, Murphy H, Liedloff A, Thomas C, Chadès I, Cook G, Fensham R, McIvor J, van Klinken RD (2015) Buffel grass and climate change: a framework for projecting invasive species distributions when data are scarce. Biological Invasions 17, 3197–3210.
| Buffel grass and climate change: a framework for projecting invasive species distributions when data are scarce.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Martins CR, Hay JD, Carmona R (2009) Invasion potential of two cultivars of Melinis minutiflora in the Brazilian Cerrado – seed characteristics and seedling establishment. Revista Árvore 33, 713–722.
| Invasion potential of two cultivars of Melinis minutiflora in the Brazilian Cerrado – seed characteristics and seedling establishment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McCusker A (2002) Poaceae: family description. Flora of Australia 43, 1–3.
McIvor JG (2003) Competition affects survival and growth of buffel grass seedlings – is buffel grass a coloniser or an invader? Tropical Grasslands 37, 176–181.
McLaren D, Stajsic V, Iaconis L (2004) The distribution, impacts and identification of exotic stipoid grasses in Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly 19, 59–66.
Miller G, Friedel M, Adam P, Chewings V (2010) Ecological impacts of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) invasion in central Australia – does field evidence support a fire-invasion feedback? The Rangeland Journal 32, 353–365.
| Ecological impacts of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) invasion in central Australia – does field evidence support a fire-invasion feedback?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Milton SJ (2004) Grasses as invasive alien plants in South Africa. South African Journal of Science 100, 69–75.
Mitchell A, Leighton K (1998) ‘Report on damage caused by the flood of the Ashburton River in February 1997.’ (Agriculture Western Australia: Perth, WA)
Moles AT, Flores-Moreno H, Bonser SP, Warton DI, Helm A, Warman L, Eldridge DJ, Jurado E, Hemmings FA, Reich PB, Cavender-Bares J, Seabloom EW, Mayfield MM, Sheil D, Djietror JC, Peri PL, Enrico L, Cabido MR, Setterfield SA, Lehmann CER, Thomson FJ (2012) Invasions: the trail behind, the path ahead, and a test of a disturbing idea. Journal of Ecology 100, 116–127.
| Invasions: the trail behind, the path ahead, and a test of a disturbing idea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moore RM (1970) Australian grasslands. In ‘Australian grasslands.’ (Ed. RM Moore) pp. 87–100. (Australian National University Press: Canberra, ACT)
Murray JV, Stokes KE, Klinken RD (2012) Predicting the potential distribution of a riparian invasive plant: the effects of changing climate, flood regimes and land‐use patterns. Global Change Biology 18, 1738–1753.
| Predicting the potential distribution of a riparian invasive plant: the effects of changing climate, flood regimes and land‐use patterns.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Olsson AD, Betancourt J, McClaran MP, Marsh SE (2012) Sonoran Desert ecosystem transformation by a C4 grass without the grass/fire cycle. Diversity & Distributions 18, 10–21.
| Sonoran Desert ecosystem transformation by a C4 grass without the grass/fire cycle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Orians GH, Milewski AV (2007) Ecology of Australia: the effects of nutrient‐poor soils and intense fires. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 82, 393–423.
| Ecology of Australia: the effects of nutrient‐poor soils and intense fires.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Panetta F, Hopkins A (1991) Weeds in corridors: invasion and management. Nature and Conservation 2, 341–351.
Payne A, Watson I, Novelly P (2004) Spectacular recovery in the Ord River catchment. Miscellaneous Publication 17/2004, Department of Agriculture, Perth, WA.
Petty AM, Setterfield SA, Ferdinands KB, Barrow P (2012) Inferring habitat suitability and spread patterns from large-scale distributions of an exotic invasive pasture grass in north Australia. Journal of Applied Ecology 49, 742–752.
Pheloung P, Williams P, Halloy S (1999) A weed risk assessment model for use as a biosecurity tool evaluating plant introductions. Journal of Environmental Management 57, 239–251.
| A weed risk assessment model for use as a biosecurity tool evaluating plant introductions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pittock J, Connell D (2010) Australia demonstrates the planet’s future: water and climate in the Murray-Darling Basin. Water: Research and Development 26, 561–578.
Popay I, Field R (1996) Grazing animals as weed control agents. Weed Technology 10, 217–231.
Puckey H, Brock C, Yates C (2007) Improving the landscape scale management of buffel grass Cenchrus ciliaris using aerial survey, predictive modelling, and a geographic information system. Pacific Conservation Biology 13, 264–273.
| Improving the landscape scale management of buffel grass Cenchrus ciliaris using aerial survey, predictive modelling, and a geographic information system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (2012) ‘Invasive species risk assessment: Para grass Brachiaria mutica.’ Available at https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/65254/IPA-Para-Grass-Risk- Assessment.pdf [Verified 8 December 2017].
Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (2016) ‘Ponded pastures.’ Available at https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/77092/IPA-Hymenachne-PP54.pdf [Verified 8 December 2017].
Rahlao S, Milton S, Esler K, Van Wilgen B, Barnard P (2009) Effects of invasion of fire‐free arid shrublands by a fire‐promoting invasive alien grass (Pennisetum setaceum) in South Africa. Austral Ecology 34, 920–928.
| Effects of invasion of fire‐free arid shrublands by a fire‐promoting invasive alien grass (Pennisetum setaceum) in South Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Reid AM, Morin L, Downey PO, French K, Virtue JG (2009) Does invasive plant management aid the restoration of natural ecosystems? Biological Conservation 142, 2342–2349.
| Does invasive plant management aid the restoration of natural ecosystems?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ricciardi A, Cohen J (2007) The invasiveness of an introduced species does not predict its impact. Biological Invasions 9, 309–315.
| The invasiveness of an introduced species does not predict its impact.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Richardson DM, Holmes PM, Esler KJ, Galatowitsch SM, Stromberg JC, Kirkman SP, Pyšek P, Hobbs RJ (2007) Riparian vegetation: degradation, alien plant invasions, and restoration prospects. Diversity & Distributions 13, 126–139.
| Riparian vegetation: degradation, alien plant invasions, and restoration prospects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Richardson DM, Pyšek P (2006) Plant invasions: merging the concepts of species invasiveness and community invasibility. Progress in Physical Geography 30, 409–431.
| Plant invasions: merging the concepts of species invasiveness and community invasibility.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Robbins S (2009) The role of disturbance in exotic grass invasions in open Eucalyptus woodlands. Honours thesis. School of Integrative Biology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld.
Rossiter-Rachor NA, Setterfield SA, Douglas MM, Hutley LB, Cook GD, Schmidt S (2009) Invasive Andropogon gayanus (gamba grass) is an ecosystem transformer of nitrogen relations in Australian savanna. Ecological Applications 19, 1546–1560.
| Invasive Andropogon gayanus (gamba grass) is an ecosystem transformer of nitrogen relations in Australian savanna.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1MnjvVSgsA%3D%3D&md5=ccfe352f112a9d55d0b443c41346c088CAS |
Rossiter NA, Setterfield SA, Douglas MM, Hutley LB (2003) Testing the grass-fire cycle: alien grass invasion in the tropical savannas of northern Australia. Diversity & Distributions 9, 169–176.
| Testing the grass-fire cycle: alien grass invasion in the tropical savannas of northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Russell-Smith J, Yates C, Edwards A, Allan GE, Cook GD, Cooke P, Craig R, Heath B, Smith R (2003) Contemporary fire regimes of northern Australia, 1997–2001: change since Aboriginal occupancy, challenges for sustainable management. International Journal of Wildland Fire 12, 283–297.
| Contemporary fire regimes of northern Australia, 1997–2001: change since Aboriginal occupancy, challenges for sustainable management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Russell-Smith J, Murphy BP, Meyer CM, Cook GD, Maier S, Edwards AC, Schatz J, Brocklehurst P (2009) Improving estimates of savanna burning emissions for greenhouse accounting in northern Australia: limitations, challenges, applications. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, 1–18.
| Improving estimates of savanna burning emissions for greenhouse accounting in northern Australia: limitations, challenges, applications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhvFaqs74%3D&md5=75941b3ebfdb5c582da458e04022182aCAS |
Russell M (2001) ‘Grasses and humans: the story of human dependence on grasses and the science of grass use.’ (Russell and Daughters: North Tamborine, Qld)
Setterfield SA, Rossiter-Rachor NA, Hutley LB, Douglas MM, Williams RJ (2010) Turning up the heat: the impacts of Andropogon gayanus (gamba grass) invasion on fire behaviour in northern Australian savannas. Diversity & Distributions 16, 854–861.
| Turning up the heat: the impacts of Andropogon gayanus (gamba grass) invasion on fire behaviour in northern Australian savannas.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sinclair R (2002) Ecophysiology of grasses. Flora of Australia 43, 133–156.
Smith MA, Bell DT, Loneragan WA (1999) Comparative seed germination ecology of Austrostipa compressa and Ehrharta calycina (Poaceae) in a Western Australian banksia woodland. Australian Journal of Ecology 24, 35–42.
| Comparative seed germination ecology of Austrostipa compressa and Ehrharta calycina (Poaceae) in a Western Australian banksia woodland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Spafford-Jacob H, Randall RP, Lloyd SG, King C (2004) Quarantine law loophole: an examination of the known weed species permitted for import without weed risk assessment. In ‘Weed management: balancing people, planet, profit: 14th Australian Weeds Conference’. (Eds B Sindel, S Johnson) pp. 684–689. (Weed Society of New South Wales: Wagga Wagga, NSW)
Thorp JR, Lynch R (2000) ‘The determination of weeds of national significance.’ (National Weeds Strategy Executive Committee: Launceston, Tas.)
Tjelmeland AD, Fulbright TE, Lloyd-Reilley J (2008) Evaluation of herbicides for restoring native grasses in buffelgrass-dominated grasslands. Restoration Ecology 16, 263–269.
| Evaluation of herbicides for restoring native grasses in buffelgrass-dominated grasslands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
van Kleunen M, Weber E, Fischer M (2010) A meta-analysis of trait differences between invasive and non-invasive plant species. Ecology Letters 13, 235–245.
| A meta-analysis of trait differences between invasive and non-invasive plant species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
van Klinken RD, Panetta FD, Coutts SR (2013) Are high-impact species predictable? An analysis of naturalised grasses in northern Australia. PLoS One 8, e68678
| Are high-impact species predictable? An analysis of naturalised grasses in northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtFyis7nE&md5=e0550e553bbdf6859734ddda0c8673a4CAS |
van Klinken RD, Panetta FD, Coutts S, Simon BK (2015a) Learning from the past to predict the future: an historical analysis of grass invasions in northern Australia. Biological Invasions 17, 565–579.
| Learning from the past to predict the future: an historical analysis of grass invasions in northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
van Klinken R, Murray JV, Smith C, Venette R (2015b) Process-based pest risk mapping using Bayesian networks and GIS. In ‘Pest risk modelling and mapping for invasive alien species’. (Ed. RC Venette) pp. 171–188. (CAB International: Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK)
van Vreeswyk A, Leighton K, Payne A, Hennig P (2004) ‘An inventory and condition survey of the Pilbara region, Western Australia.’ (Department of Agriculture: Perth, WA)
Van Wilgen B, Richardson D, Le Maitre D, Marais C, Magadlela D (2001) The economic consequences of alien plant invasions: examples of impacts and approaches to sustainable management in South Africa. Environment, Development and Sustainability 3, 145–168.
| The economic consequences of alien plant invasions: examples of impacts and approaches to sustainable management in South Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vogler WD, Owen NA (2008) Grader grass (Themeda quadrivalvis): changing savannah ecosystems. In ‘Hot topics in the tropics: 16th Australian Weeds Conference’. (Eds RD van Klinken, VA Osten, FD Panetta, JC Scanlan) pp. 213–214. (Queensland Weeds Society: Coomera, Qld)
Wearne LJ, Clarkson J, Grice AC, van Klinken RD, Vitelli JS (2010) The biology of Australian weeds. 56. Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees. Plant Protection Quarterly 25, 146–161.
Webber BL, Raghu S, Edwards OR (2015) Opinion: is CRISPR-based gene drive a bio-control silver bullet or global conservation threat? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112, 10565–10567.
| Opinion: is CRISPR-based gene drive a bio-control silver bullet or global conservation threat?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhsVWgtr3L&md5=c4a6be6d1a8b2a965e0693ea006f8a20CAS |
White ME (1997) ‘Listen, our land is crying: Australia’s environment: problems and solutions.’ (Rosenberg Publishing: Kenthurst, NSW)
Wildin J (1991) Aleman grass, Hymenachne and other forage species for ponded pasture systems. In ‘Proceedings of probing ponded pastures workshop’. (University of Central Queensland: Rockhampton, Qld)
Wildin JH, Chapman DG (1987) ‘Ponded pasture systems – capitalising on available water.’ (Queensland Department of Primary Industries: Brisbane, Qld)
Winter W, Cameron A, Reid R, Stockwell T, Page M (1985) Improved pasture plants. In ‘Agro-research for the semiarid tropics: north-west Australia’. (Ed. RC Muchow) pp. 227–269. (University of Queensland Press: Brisbane, Qld)
