Disease as a constraint on goat production in Lao PDR and trade to neighbouring countries: a review

P. P. Jayasekara; W. Theppangna; L. Olmo; T. Xaikhue; C. Jenkins; P. F. Gerber; S. W. Walkden-Brown

doi:10.1071/AN23412

REVIEW (Open Access)

Previous Next Contents Vol 64(12)

Disease as a constraint on goat production in Lao PDR and trade to neighbouring countries: a review

P. P. Jayasekara

^A ^* , W. Theppangna ^B , L. Olmo

^A , T. Xaikhue ^A , C. Jenkins

^C , P. F. Gerber

^A and S. W. Walkden-Brown

^A

+ Author Affiliations

- Author Affiliations

^A School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.

^B National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Lao PDR.

^C NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, Australia.

^* Correspondence to: pjayasek@myune.edu.au

Handling Editor: Peter Windsor

Animal Production Science 64, AN23412 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN23412

Submitted: 6 December 2023 Accepted: 12 July 2024 Published: 1 August 2024

© 2024 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

Abstract

Goat production in Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) is a small but rapidly growing sector owing to strong export demand, primarily from Vietnam. Disease has been identified as one of the major constraints to goat production but there are limited data on causes and effective control strategies. The situation is exacerbated by a lack of veterinary and extension services in rural areas. Information on the major disease and clinical syndromes of goats and their causative agents is needed to develop local and national control strategies and to improve animal welfare. Zoonotic diseases involving goats are also potentially important in terms of live goat trade and public health, albeit research is lacking. This review summarises and evaluates the available published data on caprine diseases in Lao PDR and provides possible disease control strategies to improve goat production in Lao PDR. Surveys and observations suggest that lip and facial dermatitis, eye conditions and diarrhoea are the most common clinical syndromes affecting the health of Lao goats. These clinical syndromes can be considered as priorities for Lao goats. Serological surveys conducted in limited geographical areas of the country have identified moderate seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease (FMD) and low seroprevalence of bluetongue, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), brucellosis and Q fever in goats. Accordingly, the clinical signs associated with the latter diseases were not commonly reported. Trichostrongylus spp., Haemonchus contortus and coccidia are the main gastro-intestinal parasites identified among Lao goats. Despite these studies, an understanding of the causation of the most common clinical syndromes in Lao goats is still lacking, similar to the situation in many other parts of Southeast Asia. Studies to determine the causation of common clinical syndromes need to be conducted in Lao goats if progress is to be made on overcoming the disease constraint. Similarly, studies are also needed to evaluate interventions that have been introduced to limit the impact of these disease and clinical syndromes. They will likely require changes to goat management and nutrition, in addition to disease-specific interventions.

Keywords: clinical syndromes, constraints, disease diagnosis, endemic diseases, goats, Lao PDR, production, transboundary diseases, zoonoses.

References

ACIAR (2024) Goat production systems and marketing in Lao PDR and Vietnam. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. Available at https://www.aciar.gov.au/project/ls-2017-034 [Accessed 1 February 2024]

ADB (2002) Review of the livestock sector in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Asian Development Bank. Available at https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/21136/adb_livestock_review.pdf?sequence=2 [Accessed 25 February 2022]

Bao J, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Liu C, Li L, Wang Z (2014) Complete genome sequence of a novel variant strain of Peste des Petits Ruminants virus, China/XJYL/2013. Genome Announcements 2, e00762.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Barger IA (1999) The role of epidemiological knowledge and grazing management for helminth control in small ruminants. International Journal for Parasitology 29, 41-47.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Bastiaensen P, Kamakawa A, Varas M (2011) PVS pathway follow-up mission report: tool for the evaluation of performance of veterinary services. OIE, Available at https://rr-asia.woah.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/pvs_laos_followup.pdf [Accessed 28 March 2023]

Bui TN, Nguyen HV, Nguyen XB, Le VN, Nguyen TM, Ngo CTK, Ngo QTL, Hoang N, Morales LE, Nguyen VD, Olmo L, Walken-Brown S, Le TTH (2023) An analysis of the goat value chain from Lao PDR to Vietnam and a socio-economic sustainable development perspective. Sustainability 15, 13781.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Burns RJL, Douangngeun B, Theppangna W, Khounsy S, Mukaka M, Selleck PW, Hansson E, Wegner MD, Windsor PA, Blacksell SD (2018) Serosurveillance of coxiellosis (Q-fever) and brucellosis in goats in selected provinces of Lao People’s Democratic Republic. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 12, e0006411.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Burns RJL, Douangngeun B, Theppangna W, Mukaka M, Wegner MD, Windsor PA, Blacksell SD (2019) Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) virus serological surveillance in goats in Lao PDR: issues for disease eradication in a low-resource disease-free setting. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 66, 939-947.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Campbell JI, Lan NPH, Phuong PM, Chau LB, Trung Pham D, Guzman-Verri C, Ruiz-Villalobos N, Minh TPT, Munoz Alvaro PM, Moreno E, Thwaites GE, Rabaa MA, Chau NVV, Baker S (2017) Human Brucella melitensis infections in southern Vietnam. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 23, 788-790.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Caroprese M, Giannenas I, Fthenakis GC (2015) Interactions between nutritional approaches and defences against microbial diseases in small ruminants. Veterinary Microbiology 181, 8-14.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Chomnanpood P, Gleeson L (1992) Investigation into the role of goats and sheep in the epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in Northern Thailand. The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine 22, 217-231.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Chu Y, Yan X, Gao P, Zhao P, He Y, Liu J, Lu Z (2011) Molecular detection of a mixed infection of Goatpox virus, Orf virus, and Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae in goats. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 23, 786-789.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Colombe S, Watanapalachaigool E, Ekgatat M, Ko AI, Hinjoy S (2018) Cross-sectional study of brucellosis and Q fever in Thailand among livestock in two districts at the Thai–Cambodian border, Sa Kaeo province. One Health 6, 37-40.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Colvin AF, Olmo L, Phengvilaysouk A, Millar J, Gray GD, Phengsavanh P, Walkden-Brown SW (2022) Smallholder goat production systems in Lao PDR: assessing production efficiency. In ‘34th Biennial Conference of the Australian Association of Animal Sciences (AAAS)’, Cairns, Qld, Australia, 5–7 July. (CSIRO Publishing)

Constable PD, Hinchcliff KW, Done SH, Grünberg W (2017) Diseases of the respiratory system. In ‘Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats. Vol. 1’.pp. 845–1090. (Elsevier: St Louis, MO, USA)

Dance DAB, Luangraj M, Rattanavong S, Sithivong N, Vongnalaysane O, Vongsouvath M, Newton PN (2018) Review: melioidosis in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 3, 21.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Douangngeun B, Theppangna W, Soukvilay V, Senaphanh C, Phithacthep K, Phomhaksa S, Yingst S, Lombardini E, Hansson E, Selleck PW, Blacksell SD (2016) Seroprevalence of Q Fever, brucellosis, and bluetongue in selected provinces in Lao People’s Democratic Republic. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 95, 558-561.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Doung-Ngern P, Chuxnum T, Pangjai D, Opaschaitat P, Kittiwan N, Rodtian P, Buameetoop N, Kersh GJ, Padungtod P (2017) Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii antibodies among ruminants and occupationally exposed people in Thailand, 2012-2013. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 96, 786-790 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0336.
| Google Scholar | PubMed |

EFSA AHAW Panel (European Food Safety Authority Panel on Animal Health and Welfare) (2015) Scientific opinion on peste des Petits Ruminants. European Food Safety Authority Journal 13, 3985.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

El-Mahallawy HS, Lu G, Kelly P, Xu D, Li Y, Fan W, Wang C (2015) Q fever in China: a systematic review, 1989-2013. Epidemiology and Infection 143, 673-681.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

FAO (2020) Special report- 2019 FAO/WFP Crop and food security assessment mission (CFSAM) to the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome, Italy) Available at https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000116697/download/?_ga=2.267853255.859222792.1721977833-240666296.1719539285

FAO (2024) FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available at https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL [Accessed 21 March 2024]

Frangi B (2014) Factors and conditions enabling the establishment of a network of village veterinary workers in Laos: example of the village veterinary worker network in Saysathan district, Sayabouly province – practical recommendations for the replication of the network. (CARE International: Lao PDR) Available at https://data.opendevelopmentmekong.net/library_record/factors-and-conditions-enabling-the-establishment-of-a-network-of-village-veterinary-workers-in-lao [Accessed 21 February 2022]

Gao H, Ma J (2021) Spatial distribution and risk areas of foot and mouth disease in mainland China. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 189, 105311.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Gao S, Xu GY, Zeng Z, Lv JN, Huang LY, Wang HN, Wang XL (2021) Transboundary spread of peste des petits ruminants virus in western China: a prediction model. PLoS ONE 16, e0257898.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Gongal G, Rahman H, Thakuri KC, Vijayalakshmy K (2022) An overview of transboundary animal diseases of viral origin in South Asia: what needs to be done? Veterinary Sciences 9, 586.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Gray D (2004) Participatory livestock development project- ADB PPTA 4287-Lao. Report of the smallholder development specialist on constraints, opportunities and interventions for goat production in Laos. International Livestock Research Institute.

Gray D (2006) GPARLSP Background paper on the livestock sector in Khammouane province. World Bank.

Gray D, Walkden-Brown S, Phengsavanh P, Patrick I, Hergenhan R, Hoang N, Phengvilaysouk A, Carnegie M, Millar J, Hữu Văn N (2019) Final report. Assessing goat production and marketing systems in Laos and market linkages into Vietnam. ACIAR Project No: LPS/2016/027. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, ACT, Australia.

Guo H, Li B, Gao M, Li Q, Gao Y, Dong N, Liu G, Wang Z, Gao W, Chen Y, Yang Y (2022) Dietary nutritional level affects intestinal microbiota and health of goats. Microorganisms 10, 2322.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Hansen PK (1997) Animal husbandry in shifting cultivation societies in northern Laos: technical report no.10, TR 10. Shifting Cultivation Research Sub-programme and Lao Swedish Forestry Programme, Luang Prabang, Lao PDR. Available at http://lad.nafri.org.la/fulltext/LAD010320040500.pdf [Accessed 21 February 2022]

Haoran W, Jianhua X, Maolin O, Hongyan G, Jia B, Li G, Xiang G, Hongbin W (2021) Assessment of foot-and-mouth disease risk areas in mainland China based spatial multi-criteria decision analysis. BMC Veterinary Research 17, 374.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

IFAD, ADB (2018) Performance evaluation report. Lao People’s Democratic Republic: Northern Region Sustainable livelihoods through livestock development project. Available at https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/evaluation-document/235196/files/pper-lao-nrslldp.pdf [Accessed 1 November 2021]

Jayasekara PP, Jenkins C, Gerber PF, Olmo L, Xaikhue T, Theppangna W, Walkden-Brown SW (2023) Causation of pinkeye in goats from Savannakhet province, Lao PDR. In ‘9th International Conference on Sustainable Animal Agriculture for Developing Countries’, Vientiane, Lao PDR, 21-24 November. (SAADC)

Keonouchanh S, Xaypha S (2006) Goat production in Lao PDR. In ‘Proceedings of the APHCA-ILRI regional workshop on goat production systems and markets: Goats-Undervalued assets in Asia’, Luang Prabang, Lao PDR, 24–25 October. (Animal Production and Health Commission for Asia and the Pacific and International Livestock Research Institute: Luang Prabang, Lao PDR).

Khounsy S, Conlan JV, Gleeson LJ, Westbury HA, Colling A, Paton DJ, Ferris NP, Valarcher J-F, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, Blacksell SD (2009) Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease viruses from South East Asia 1998-2006: the Lao perspective. Veterinary Microbiology 137, 178-183.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Kladkempetch D, Somtua N, Maktrirat R, Punyapornwithaya V, Sathanawongs A (2017) Seroprevalence and factors affecting brucellosis in goats in Chiang Mai Province. Veterinary Integrative Sciences 15, 99-107.
| Google Scholar |

Kongkaew W, Thiptara A, Kaewkalong S, Hinjoy S (2017) Situation of melioidosis in Thailand, 2006-2015. Thai-NIAH eJournal 12, 80-102.
| Google Scholar |

Kongmanila D, Preston TR, Ledin I (2008) Survey on the utilization of local foliage species for goats in Xaythanee district, Vientiane City. Livestock Research for Rural Development 20(supplement), 6.
| Google Scholar |

Lee HS, Pham TL, Wieland B (2020) Temporal patterns and space-time cluster analysis of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) cases from 2007 to 2017 in Vietnam. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 67, 584-591.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Legnardi M, Raizman E, Beltran-Alcrudo D, Cinardi G, Robinson T, Falzon LC, Djomgang HK, Okori E, Parida S, Njeumi F, Benfield CTO (2022) Peste des Petits Ruminants in Central and Eastern Asia/West Eurasia: epidemiological situation and status of control and eradication activities after the first phase of the PPR global eradication programme (2017-2021). Animals 12, 2030.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Li J, Li L, Wu X, Liu F, Zou Y, Wang Q, Liu C, Bao J, Wang W, Ma W, Lin H, Huang J, Zheng X, Wang Z (2017) Diagnosis of peste des Petits Ruminants in wild and domestic animals in Xinjiang, China, 2013-2016. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 64, e43-e47.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Li K, Luo H, Shahzad M (2018) Epidemiology of Q-fever in goats in Hubei province of China. Tropical Animal Health and Production 50, 1395-1398.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Liehr E, Millar J, Walkden-Brown S, Chittavong M, Olmo L (2024) The role of goat production in smallholder systems in Lao PDR: implications for improving productivity and scaling up production. Animal Production Science 64, AN23368.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Limmathurotsakul D, Thammasart S, Warrasuth N, Thapanagulsak P, Jatapai A, Pengreungrojanachai V, Anun S, Joraka W, Thongkamkoon P, Saiyen P, Wongratanacheewin S, Day NPJ, Peacock SJ (2012) Melioidosis in animals, Thailand, 2006–2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases 18, 325-327.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Lin TN, Ngarmkum S, Oraveerakul K, Virakul P, Techakumphu M (2011) Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with caprine arthritis–encephalitis virus infection in goats in the western part of Thailand. The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine 41, 353-360.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Liu F, Li J, Li L, Liu Y, Wu X, Wang Z (2018) Peste des Petits Ruminants in China since its first outbreak in 2007: a 10-year review. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 65, 638-648.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Liu F, Gong Q-L, Zhang R, Chen Z-Y, Wang Q, Sun Y-H, Sheng C-Y, Ma B-Y, Li J-M, Shi K, Zong Y, Leng X, Du R (2021) Prevalence and risk factors of bluetongue virus infection in sheep and goats in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Microbial Pathogenesis 161, 105170.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

LNCCI (2020) Strategic action plan for private sector development in the Lao PDR 2021-2025. Lao National Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Vientiane, Laos.

Luo HQ, Li K, Zhang H, Lan YF, Peng JP, Shahzad M, Wang JX (2017) Seroprevalence of bluetongue virus infection in goats in the central China. Tropical Biomedicine 34, 80-83.
| Google Scholar | PubMed |

Ma J, Xiao J, Gao X, Liu B, Chen H, Wang H (2017) Spatial pattern of foot-and-mouth disease in animals in China, 2010-2016. PeerJ 5, e4193.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Ma J, Gao X, Liu B, Chen H, Xiao J, Wang H (2019) Epidemiology and spatial distribution of bluetongue virus in Xinjiang, China. PeerJ 7, e6514.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Ma W, Pang M, Lei X, Wang Z, Feng H, Li S, Chen D (2022) Orf virus detection in the saliva and milk of dairy goats. Frontiers in Microbiology 13, 837808.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

MacPhillamy I, Young J, Earp F, Khounsy S, Windsor P, Toribio J-A, Bush R (2022) Foot-and-mouth disease seroprevalence and reporting behaviours in nine northern provinces in Lao PDR: the current situation and challenges for control. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 69, 645-659.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

MAF, FAO (2014) Lao PDR: Lao census of agriculture 2010/11. Analysis of selected themes. (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry: Vientiane, Lao PDR; and Food and Agriculture Organization) Available at https://www.fao.org/3/at767e/at767e.pdf [Accessed 27 February 2022]

Maillard J-C, Van KP, Nguyen T, Van TN, Berthouly C, Libeau G, Kwiatek O (2008) Examples of probable host-pathogen co-adaptation/co-evolution in isolated farmed animal populations in the mountainous regions of North Vietnam. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1149, 259-262.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Millar J, Colvin AF, Olmo L, Phengvilaysouk A, Phengsavanh P, Walkden-Brown SW (2022) Smallholder goat raising in Lao PDR: is there potential to improve management and productivity? The Lao Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 46, 18-34.
| Google Scholar |

Mongkonwattanaporn T, Lertwatcharasarakul P, Intaravichai P, Rukkwamsuk T (2021) Seroprevalence of small ruminant lentivirus infection in goats in Thailand. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 24, 313-317.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Nampanya S, Khounsy S, Phonvisay A, Young JR, Bush RD, Windsor PA (2015) Financial impact of foot and mouth disease on large ruminant smallholder farmers in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 62, 555-564.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

OIE-WAHIS (2023a) Peste des petits ruminants. World Organization for Animal Health-World Animal Health Information System. Available at https://www.woah.org/en/disease/peste-des-petits-ruminants/#ui-id-5 [Accessed 15 September 2023]

OIE-WAHIS (2023b) Disease situation. World Organization for Animal Health-World Animal Health Information System. Available at https://wahis.woah.org/#/dashboards/country-or-disease-dashboard [Accessed 19 September 2023]

OIE-WAHIS (2023c) Laos – Anthrax – immediate notification (Final). World Organization for Animal Health-World Animal Health Information System. Available at https://wahis.woah.org/#/home [Accessed 31 March 2023]

OIE-WAHIS (2023d) PPR reported for the first time in South East Asia. World Organization for Animal Health-World Animal Health Information System. Available at https://rr-asia.woah.org/en/news/ppr-in-thailand-alert-message/ [Accessed 31 March 2023]

Olmo L, Phengvilaysouk A, Colvin AF, Phengsavanh P, Millar J, Walkden-Brown SW (2022a) Improving Lao goat production when resources are limited. In ‘34th Biennial Conference of the Australian Association of Animal Sciences (AAAS)’, Cairns, Queensland, Australia, 5–7 July. (CSIRO Publishing) Available at https://doi.org/10.1071/ANv62n11abs [Verified 30 May 2024]

Olmo L, Walkden-Brown S, Phengsavanh P, Phengvilaysouk A, Van NH, Hoang N, Millar J, Cuc NTK, Werf JvD (2022b) Annual Report: goat production systems and marketing in Lao PDR and Vietnam. ACIAR Project No: LS/2017/034. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, ACT, Australia.

Osborne ME, Zasloff JJ, Dommen AJ, Silverstein J, Lafont PB (2021) Laos. Online Encyclopedia. Britannica. Available at https://www.britannica.com/place/Laos [Verified 1 February 2022]

Paitoonpong L, Ekgatat M, Nunthapisud P, Tantawichien T, Suankratay C (2006) Brucellosis: the first case of King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital and review of the literature. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 89, 1313-1317.
| Google Scholar | PubMed |

Peck ME, Chanachai K, Jenpanich C, Amonsin A, Alexander BH, Bender JB (2018) Seroprevalence of brucellosis in goats and sheep in Thailand: Results from the Thai National Brucellosis Surveillance System from 2013 to 2015. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 65, 799-805.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Pham TH, Lila MAM, Rahaman NYA, Lai HLT, Nguyen LT, Do KV, Noordin MM (2020) Epidemiology and clinico-pathological characteristics of current goat pox outbreak in North Vietnam. BMC Veterinary Research 16, 128.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Pham TH, Rahaman NYA, Lila MAM, Lai HLT, Nguyen LT, Van Nguyen G, Ha BX, Nguyen H, Vu HD, Noordin MM (2021) Molecular phylogenetics of a recently isolated goat pox virus from Vietnam. BMC Veterinary Research 17, 115.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Phengsavanh P, Phewankham B, Kounnavongsa B (2004) Study on goat production and market potential for smallholder farming systems in Savannakhet province, Lao PDR.

Phengsavanh P, Phengvilaysouk A, Viengvilai P, Gray D, Patrick I, Hergenhan R, Hoang N, Walkden-Brown S (2017) Goat production in Laos and market linkages into Vietnam. In ‘North-West Vietnam Research Symposium’, Daewoo Hotel, Hanoi, 23–24 November. (Australian Centre for International Research) Available at https://vietnam.embassy.gov.au/files/hnoi/North%20West%20Vietnam%20Research%20Symposium_%20ENG.pdf [Verified 7 March 2022]

Phengvichith V, Ledin I (2007) Effect of a diet high in energy and protein on growth, carcase characteristics and parasite resistance in goats. Tropical Animal Health and Production 39, 59-70.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Phengvichith V, Preston TR (2011) Effect of feeding processed cassava foliage on growth performance and nematode parasite infestation of local goats in Laos. Livestock Research for Rural Development 23, 13.
| Google Scholar |

Phengvilaysouk A, Colvin AF, Olmo L, Phengsavanh P, Millar J, Walkden-Brown S (2022) Smallholder goat herd production characteristics and constraints in Lao PDR. The Lao Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 46, 3-19.
| Google Scholar |

Qingdao (2017) First peste des Petits Ruminants regional roadmap meeting for ASEAN countries, China, Mongolia and Timor Leste. Available at https://rr-asia.woah.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/200622_final-draft-communique-ppr-roadmap-meeting-qingdao.pdf [Accessed 17 September 2023]

Rast L (2014) Toxocara vitulorum & Fasciola gigantica in cattle and buffalo in northern Laos. PhD thesis, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Rast L, Toribio J-ALML, Dhand NK, Khounsy S, Windsor PA (2014) Why are simple control options for Toxocara vitulorum not being implemented by cattle and buffalo smallholder farmers in South-East Asia? Preventive Veterinary Medicine 113, 211-218.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Rerkyusuke S, Lerk-u-suke S, Sirimalaisuwan A (2022) Clinical evidence and risk factors for reproductive disorders caused by bacterial infections in meat goats in northeastern Thailand. Veterinary Medicine International 2022, 1877317.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Sagarasaeranee O, Kaewkalong S, Sujit K, Chanachai K (2017) Seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants in Thailand, 2013. Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal 9, 7-10.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Sani RA, Binh DV, Ly ND, San S, Phimphachanhvongsod V (2004) Goat production, parasites and testing of control options in Lao, Cambodia and Vietnam. In ‘Worm control for small ruminants in Tropical Asia’. (Eds RA Sani, GD Gray, RL Baker) pp. 211–218. (Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra, ACT, Australia)

Sato M, Yoonuan T, Sanguankiat S, Nuamtanong S, Pongvongsa T, Phimmayoi I, Phanhanan V, Boupha B, Moji K, Waikagul J (2011) Short report: human Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection in a rural village in Laos. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 84, 52-54.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Sato MO, Sato M, Chaisiri K, Maipanich W, Yoonuan T, Sanguankiat S, Pongvongsa T, Boupha B, Moji K, Waikagul J (2014) Nematode infection among ruminants in monsoon climate (Ban-Lahanam, Lao PDR) and its role as food-borne zoonosis. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 23, 80-84.
| Google Scholar | PubMed |

Siengsanan-Lamont J, Blacksell SD (2021) Surveillance for One Health and high consequence veterinary pathogens (brucellosis, coxiellosis and foot and mouth disease) in Southeast Asia: Lao PDR and Cambodia in focus and the importance of international partnerships. Microbiology Australia 42, 156-160.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Siengsanan-Lamont J, Theppangna W, Phommachanh P, Khounsy S, Selleck PW, Matsumoto N, Gleeson LJ, Blacksell SD (2022) Abattoir-based serological surveillance and spatial risk analysis of foot-and-mouth disease, brucellosis, and Q fever in Lao PDR large ruminants. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, 78.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Singanallur NB, Nampanya S, MacPhillamy I, Soukvilay V, Keokhamphet C, Bush RD, Khounsy S, Dhand NK, Windsor P, Vosloo W (2020) Serological evidence of foot-and-mouth disease infection in goats in Lao PDR. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7, 544.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Smith MC, Sherman DM (Eds) (2009) ‘Goat medicine.’ (Willey-Blackwell: USA)

Srikawkheaw N, Lawhavinit O-A (2007) Detection of antibodies against melioidosis from animal sera in Thailand by indirect haemagglutination test. Kasetsart Journal – Natural Science 41, 81-85.
| Google Scholar |

Su W, Xing C, Wu Y, Wang Y, Ding H, He H (2015) Complete genome sequence of a novel mutant of Peste des Petits Ruminants virus obtained from China. Genome Announcements 3, e01504–14.
| Google Scholar | PubMed |

Subharat S, Meunsene D, Putthana V, Tiwari H, Firestone SM (2023) Field epidemiology capacity of the national veterinary services of Lao PDR: an online survey. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 10, 1096554.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Sun M-J, Di D-D, Li Y, Zhang Z-C, Yan H, Tian L-L, Jing Z-G, Li J-P, Jiang H, Fan W-X (2016) Genotyping of Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus strains currently circulating in Xinjiang, China. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 44, 522-529.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Techapornroong M, Ekgatat M (2018) Brucellosis, four case series in Prapokklao hospital. The Journal of Prapokklao Hospital Clinical Medical Education Center 35, 214-221.
| Google Scholar |

Tian G-Z, Cui B-Y, Piao D-R, Zhao H-Y, Li L-Y, Liu X, Xiao P, Zhao Z-Z, Xu L-Q, Jiang H, Li Z-J (2017) Multi-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis of Chinese Brucella strains isolated from 1953 to 2013. Infectious Diseases of Poverty 6, 89.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Viengvilay P, Phengvilaysouk A, Phengsvanh P, Walkden-Brown S, Gray D (2017) Smallholder goat rearing systems in Lao PDR. The Lao Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 37, 149.
| Google Scholar |

Walkden-Brown S, Colvin A, Millar J, Hoang N, Phengsavanh P, Phengvilaysouk A, Olmo L, Xaikhue T, Van NH, Ba NX, Cuc NTK, Nga BT, Nguyen DV, Le SV, Jayasekara P, Liehr E, Nguyen CV, Werf Jvd, Heras-Saldana Sdl, McNeill D, Kongmanila D, Porsavathdy P (2023) Final report: goat production systems and marketing in Lao PDR and Vietnam. ACIAR Project No: LS-2017-034. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, ACT, Australia.

Wang Z, Bao J, Wu X, Liu Y, Li L, Liu C, Suo L, Xie Z, Zhao W, Zhang W, Yang N, Li J, Wang S, Wang J (2009) Peste des Petits Ruminants virus in Tibet, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases 15, 299-301.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Wang D-F, Yang X-Y, Wei Y-R, Li J-J, Bolati H, Meng X-X, Tuerxun G, Nuerdan N, Wu J-Y (2023) Genome characterization of the Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in China: a retrospective genomic analysis of the earliest Chinese isolates. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 22, 872-880.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Whitley NC, Oh S-H, Lee SJ, Schoenian S, Kaplan RM, Storey B, Terrill TH, Mobini S, Burke JM, Miller JE, Perdue MA (2014) Impact of integrated gastrointestinal nematode management training for US goat and sheep producers. Veterinary Parasitology 200, 271-275.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

WHO (2017) Joint external evaluation of IHR core capacities of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic: Mission report 17-24 February 2017. (World Health Organization) Available at &https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258554/WHO-WHE-CPI-REP-2017.35-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y [Accessed 28 March 2023]

Wilson RT (2007) Status and prospects for livestock production in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Tropical Animal Health and Production 39, 443-452.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Windsor PA, Nampanya S, Tagger A, Keonam K, Gerasimova M, Putthana V, Bush RD, Khounsy S (2017) Is orf infection a risk to expanding goat production in developing countries? A study from Lao PDR. Small Ruminant Research 154, 123-128.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Windsor PA, Nampanya S, Putthana V, Keonam K, Johnson K, Bush RD, Khounsy S (2018) The endoparasitism challenge in developing countries as goat raising develops from smallholder to commercial production systems: a study from Laos. Veterinary Parasitology 251, 95-100.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

World Bank (2022) DataBank. Available at https://databank.worldbank.org/ [Verified 21 February 2022]

World Bank (2023) World development indicators. Available at https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&country=LAO# [Verified 9 September 2023]

Wu X, Li L, Li J, Liu C, Wang Q, Bao JY, Zou Y, Ren W, Wang H, Zhang Y, Lv Y, Liu F, Wang S, Ma H, Wang Z (2016) Peste des Petits Ruminants viruses re-emerging in China, 2013-2014. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 63, e441-e446.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Xaikhue T, Olmo L, Colin AF, Theppangna W, Vannivong T, Phommasone P, Walkden-Brown SW (2023) Evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy in goats in Savannakhet province, Lao PDR. In ‘9th International Conference on Sustainable Animal Agriculture for Developing Countries’, Vientiane, Lao PDR, 21–24 November. (SAADC)

Xayalath S, Mujitaba MA, Ortega ADSV, Rátky J (2021) A review on the trend of livestock breeds in Laos. Acta Agraria Debreceniensis 1, 227-237.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Xaydalasouk K, Innoula N, Putthana V, Chanthavongsa K, Snoeck CJ, Hubschen JM, Oudomphone P, Chan B, Muller CP, Black AP, Pommasichan S, Pauly M (2021) High seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease in Laos: call for nationwide vaccination campaigns and disease surveillance. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 68, 2345-2352.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Xaypha S (2005) Goat production in small holder farming systems in low land Lao PDR and an evaluation of different forages for growing goats. MSc thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.

Yang H, Gu W, Li Z, Zhang L, Liao D, Song J, Shi B, Hasimu J, Li Z, Yang Z, Zhong Q, Li H (2021) Novel putative bluetongue virus serotype 29 isolated from inapparently infected goat in Xinjiang of China. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 68, 2543-2555.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Yu Y, Duan X, Liu Y, Ma J, Song B, Lian Z, Cui Y (2020) Laboratory diagnosis of a NZ7-like Orf virus infection and pathogen genetic characterization, particularly in the VEGF gene. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7, 538.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Zhang K, Liu Y, Kong H, Shang Y, Liu X (2014) Comparison and phylogenetic analysis based on the B2L gene of orf virus from goats and sheep in China during 2009-2011. Archives of Virology 159, 1475-1479.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Zheng X, Xia Q, Xia L, Li W (2019) Review: endemic melioidosis in Southern China: past and present. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 4, 244-258.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |