Vitamin K: history, metabolism, and nutrition in the horse

Jazmine E. Skinner; A. Judy Cawdell-Smith; J. Ray Biffin; Hubert L. Regtop; Wayne L. Bryden

doi:10.1071/AN22319

REVIEW (Open Access)

Previous Next Contents Vol 64(1)

Vitamin K: history, metabolism, and nutrition in the horse

Jazmine E. Skinner

^A ^* , A. Judy Cawdell-Smith ^A , J. Ray Biffin ^B , Hubert L. Regtop ^B and Wayne L. Bryden

^C

+ Author Affiliations

- Author Affiliations

^A School of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia.

^B Agricure Pty Ltd., Braemar, NSW 2575, Australia.

^C Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.

^* Correspondence to: Jazmine.Skinner@usq.edu.au

Handling Editor: Chris Rogers

Animal Production Science 64, AN22319 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN22319

Submitted: 17 August 2022 Accepted: 9 March 2023 Published: 4 April 2023

© 2024 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

Abstract

Vitamin K (VK) has long been known for its essential role in blood coagulation. However, over the past decade, evidence has mounted for its intrinsic and essential roles in other functions within the body, including bone metabolism, calcification, brain development and glucose metabolism. Thus, VK should no longer be considered a single-function ‘haemostasis vitamin’, but rather as a ‘multi-function vitamin’. While current research has focused on its emerging role in human nutrition, the role that VK plays in other species such as the horse has not been well described, with most of our current understanding having been extrapolated from other species, especially rodents. This review assesses the current state of knowledge of VK as it pertains to human and animal nutrition, and, where data exist, its metabolism and nutrition in the horse is explored. Future research on the roles of VK as they pertain to horses, particularly extra-hepatic functions, is necessary. Such insight will allow a greater understanding of how VK is metabolised, facilitating the development of recommendations to assist in the health, growth, and longevity of horses.

Keywords: animal nutrition, equine nutrition, menadione (MD), menaquinones (MK-n), osteocalcin (OC), phylloquinone (PK), vitamin K (VK), vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs).

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