Management of beneficial invertebrates and their potential role in integrated pest management for Australian grain systems
Joanne C. Holloway A C , Michael J. Furlong B and Philip I. Bowden AA New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Pine Gully Road, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.
B School of Integrative Biology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.
C Corresponding author. Email: joanne.holloway@dpi.nsw.gov.au
Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48(12) 1531-1542 https://doi.org/10.1071/EA07424
Submitted: 19 December 2007 Accepted: 14 September 2008 Published: 6 November 2008
Abstract
Beneficial invertebrates (predators and parasitoids) can make significant contributions to the suppression of insect pest populations in many cropping systems. In Australia, natural enemies are incorporated into integrated pest management programs in cotton and horticultural agroecosystems. They are also often key components of effective programs for the management of insect pests of grain crops in other parts of the world. However, few studies have examined the contribution of endemic natural enemies to insect pest suppression in the diverse grain agroecosystems of Australia. The potential of these organisms is assessed by reviewing the role that natural enemies play in the suppression of the major pests of Australian grain crops when they occur in overseas grain systems or other local agroecosystems. The principal methods by which the efficacy of biological control agents may be enhanced are examined and possible methods to determine the impact of natural enemies on key insect pest species are described. The financial and environmental benefits of practices that encourage the establishment and improve the efficacy of natural enemies are considered and the constraints to adoption of these practices by the Australian grains industry are discussed.
Agarwal VM,
Rastogi N, Raju SVS
(2007) Impact of predatory ants on two lepidopteran insect pests in Indian cauliflower agroecosystems. Journal of Applied Entomology 131, 493–500.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Altmann R, Elbert A
(1992) Imidacloprid – a new insecticide for seed treatment in cereals, maize, and beets. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie 8, 212–221.
Andersen A
(2003) Long-term experiments with reduced tillage in spring cereals. II. Effects on pests and beneficial insects. Crop Protection (Guildford, Surrey) 22, 147–152.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Anon.
(1999) Spraying cotton against whiteflies also controls aphids on wheat. International Pest Control 41, 144.
Atachi P,
Sekloka ET, Schulthess F
(2005) Study on some bioecological aspects of Eldana saccharina Walker (Lep., Pyralidae) on Zea mays L. and alternative host plants. Journal of Applied Entomology 129, 447–455.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Baggen LR, Gurr GM
(1998) The influence of food on Copidosoma koehleri (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), and the use of flowering plants as a habitat management tool to enhance biological control of potato moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Biological Control 11, 9–17.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bell NL, Willoughby BE
(2003) A review of the role of predatory mites in the biological control of lucerne flea Sminthurus viridis (L.) (Collembola: Sminthuridae) and their potential use in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 43, 141–146.
Bellows TS,
Van Driesche RF, Elkinton JS
(1992) Life-table construction and analysis in the evaluation of natural enemies. Annual Review of Entomology 37, 587–614.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bishop AL, Barchia IM
(2003) Relationships between the lucerne flea, Sminthurus viridis (L.) (Collembola: Sminthuridae), and damage to lucerne. Australian Journal of Entomology 42, 304–310.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bishop AL,
Greenup LR, Holtkamp RH
(1980) Management of Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji, blue-green aphid, and Therioaphis trifolii (Monell) f. maculata, spotted alfalfa aphid, by grazing and cutting lucerne. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 20, 710–716.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bishop AL,
McKenzie HJ,
Harris AM, Barchia IM
(2001) Control strategies for the lucerne flea, Sminthurus viridis (L.) (Collembola: Sminthuridae), and their effect on other species in irrigated lucerne in the Hunter dairying region of New South Wales. Australian Journal of Entomology 40, 79–84.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bishop AL,
McKenzie HJ,
Harris AM, Barchia IM
(2002) Late-season spraying for lucerne flea, Sminthurus viridis (Linnaeus) (Collembola: Sminthuridae), control in the next season. General and Applied Entomology. Entomological Society of New South Wales 31, 1–5.
Bowie MH,
Gurr GM,
Hossain Z,
Baggen LR, Frampton CM
(1999) Effects of distance from field edge on aphidophagous insects in a wheat crop and observations on trap design and placement. International Journal of Pest Management 45, 69–73.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Broadley RH
(1986) Parasitism of Mythimna convecta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae in south east Queensland. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 25, 61–62.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carver M, Franzmann B
(2001) Lysiphlebus Förster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in Australia. Australian Journal of Entomology 40, 198–201.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carver M, Starý P
(1974) A preliminary review of the Aphidiidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) of Australia and New Zealand. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 13, 235–240.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cook SM,
Khan ZR, Pickett JA
(2007) The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management. Annual Review of Entomology 52, 375–400.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
PubMed |
Corrêa-Ferreira BS, Moscardi F
(1996) Biological control of soybean stink bugs by inoculative releases of Trissolcus basalis. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 79, 1–7.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
de la Fuente EB,
Suárez SA, Ghersa CM
(2003) Weed and insect communities in wheat crops with different management practices. Agronomy Journal 95, 1542–1549.
Eilenberg J,
Hajek A, Lomer C
(2001) Suggestions for unifying the terminology in biological control. BioControl 46, 387–400.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Elkinton JS,
Buonaccorsi JP,
Bellows TS, Van Driesche RF
(1992) Marginal attack rate, k-values and density dependence in the analysis of contemporaneous mortality factors. Researches on Population Ecology 34, 29–44.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Endersby NM,
Ridland PM, Hoffmann AA
(2008) The effects of local selection versus dispersal on insecticide resistance patterns: longitudinal evidence from diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in Australia evolving resistance to pyrethroids. Bulletin of Entomological Research 98, 145–157.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
PubMed |
Fitt GP
(2000) An Australian approach to IPM in cotton: integrating new technologies to minimise insecticide dependence. Crop Protection (Guildford, Surrey) 19, 793–800.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Frampton GK,
Cilgi T,
Fry GLA, Wratten SD
(1995) Effects of grassy banks on the dispersal of some carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) on farmland. Biological Conservation 71, 347–355.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Frank T
(1997) Species diversity of ground beetles (Carabidae) in sown weed strips and adjacent fields. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 15, 297–307.
Furlong MJ,
Shi ZH,
Liu SS, Zalucki MP
(2004a) Evaluation of the impact of natural enemies on Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) populations on commercial Brassica farms. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 6, 311–322.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Furlong MJ,
Shi ZH,
Liu YQ,
Guo SJ,
Lu YB,
Liu SS, Zalucki MP
(2004b) Experimental analysis of the influence of pest management practice on the efficacy of an endemic arthropod natural enemy complex of the diamondback moth. Journal of Economic Entomology 97, 1814–1827.
| PubMed |
Furlong MJ,
Spafford H,
Ridland PM,
Endersby NM,
Edwards OR,
Baker GJ,
Keller MA, Paull CA
(2008) Ecology of diamondback moth in Australian canola: landscape perspectives and implications for management. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, 1494–1505.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gallo J, Pekar S
(1999) Winter wheat pests and their natural enemies under organic farming system in Slovakia: effect of ploughing and previous crop. Anzeiger für Schädlingskunde 72, 31–36.
Glenn DC, Hoffmann AA
(1997) Developing a commercially viable system for the biological control of light brown apple moth (Lepidoptera: Torticidae) in grapes using an endemic Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 90, 370–382.
Gould JR,
Bellows TS, Paine TD
(1992) Population dynamics of Siphoninus phillyreae in California in the presence and absence of a parasitoid, Encarsia partenopea. Ecological Entomology 17, 127–134.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gowda DKS,
Halle D, Sharanabasappa
(2004) Evaluation of different IPM modules and intercropping systems for the management of pod borer in chickpea. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences 17, 586–589.
Greathead DJ, Greathead A
(1992) Biological control of insect pests by insect parasitoids and predators: the BIOCAT database. Biocontrol News and Information 13, 61–68.
Greenberg SM,
Showler AT, Liu T-X
(2005) Effects of neem-based insecticides on beet armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Insect Science 12, 17–23.
|
CAS |
Crossref |
Greenstone MH,
Rowley DL,
Heimbach U,
Lundgren JG,
Pfannensteil RS, Rhener SA
(2005) Barcoding generalist predators by polymerase chain reaction: carabids and spiders. Molecular Ecology 14, 3247–3266.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
PubMed |
Grundy P, Maelzer D
(2000) Assessment of Pristhesancus plagipennis Walker (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) as an augmented biological control in cotton and soybean crops. Australian Journal of Entomology 39, 305–309.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gu H,
Fitt G, Baker G
(2007) Invertebrate pests of canola and their management in Australia: a review. Australian Journal of Entomology 46, 231–243.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gurr GM, Wratten SD
(1999) ‘Integrated biological control’: a proposal for enhancing success in biological control. International Journal of Pest Management 45, 81–84.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gurr GM,
Wratten SD, Luna JM
(2003) Multi-function agricultural biodiversity: pest management and other benefits. Basic and Applied Ecology 4, 107–116.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hagler JR, Naranjo SE
(2005) Use of gut content ELISA to detect whitefly predator feeding activity after field exposure to different insecticide treatments. Biocontrol Science and Technology 15, 321–339.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hickman JM, Wratten SD
(1996) Use of Phacelia tanacetifolia strips to enhance biological control of aphids by hoverfly larvae in cereal fields. Journal of Economic Entomology 89, 832–840.
Holland JM, Thomas SR
(1997) Quantifying the impact of polyphagous invertebrate predators in controlling cereal aphids and in preventing wheat yield and quality reductions. The Annals of Applied Biology 131, 375–397.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hooks CRR, Johnson MW
(2003) Impact of agricultural diversification on the insect community of cruciferous crops. Crop Protection (Guildford, Surrey) 22, 223–238.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hoque Z,
Farquharson R,
Dillon ML, Kauter G
(2000) Soft options can reduce costs and increase cotton profits. Australian Cottongrower 21, 33–37.
Hossain Z,
Gurr GM,
Wratten SD, Raman A
(2002) Habitat manipulation in lucerne Medicago sativa: arthropod dynamics in harvested and ‘refuge’ crop strips. Journal of Applied Ecology 39, 445–454.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hoyle FC, Murphy DV
(2006) Seasonal changes in microbial function and diversity associated with stubble retention versus burning. Australian Journal of Soil Research 44, 407–423.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ireson JE,
Holloway RJ,
Chatterton WS, McCorkell BE
(2002) Further investigations into the efficacy of Neomolgus capillatus (Kramer) (Acarina: Bdellidae) as a predator of Sminthurus viridis (L.) (Collembola: Sminthuridae) in Tasmania. Australian Journal of Entomology 41, 88–93.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
James DG
(1995) Biological control of earth mites in pasture using endemic natural enemies. Plant Protection Quarterly 10, 58–59.
James DG
(2005) Further field evaluation of synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles as attractants for beneficial insects. Journal of Chemical Ecology 31, 481–495.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
PubMed |
James DG, Grasswitz TR
(2005) Synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles increase field captures of parasitic wasps. BioControl 50, 871–880.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
Khan ZR,
Ampong-Nyarko K,
Chiliswa P,
Hassanali A,
Kimani S,
Lwande L,
Overholt WA,
Picketta JA,
Smart LE, Woodcock CM
(1997) Intercropping increases parasitism of pests. Nature 388, 631–632.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
Kleter GA,
Bhula R,
Bodnaruk K,
Carazo E, Felsot AS , et al.
(2007) Altered pesticide use on transgenic crops and the associated general impact from an environmental perspective. Pest Management Science 63, 1107–1115.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
PubMed |
Knox OGG,
Constable GA,
Pyke B, Gupta VVSR
(2006) Environmental impact of conventional and Bt insecticidal cotton expressing one and two Cry genes in Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, 501–509.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Krauter PC,
Sansone CG, Heinz KM
(2001) Assessment of Gaucho® seed treatment effects on beneficial insect abundance in sorghum. The Southwestern Entomologist 26, 143–146.
Krooss S, Schaefer M
(1998) The effect of different farming systems on epigeic arthropods: a five-year study on the rove beetle fauna (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) of winter wheat. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 69, 121–133.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kruess A
(2003) Effects of landscape structure and habitat type on a plant–herbivore–parasitoid community. Ecography 26, 283–290.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kyi A,
Zalucki MP, Titmarsh IJ
(1991) An experimental study of early stage survival of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on cotton. Bulletin of Entomological Research 81, 263–271.
Lale NES, Sastawa BM
(2000) Evaluation of host plant resistance, sowing date modification and intercropping as methods for the control of Mylabris and Coryna species (Coleoptera: Meloidae) infesting pearl millet in the Nigerian Sudan savanna. Journal of Arid Environments 46, 263–280.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Landis DA,
Menalled FD,
Costamagna AC, Wilkinson TK
(2005) Manipulating plant resources to enhance beneficial arthropods in agricultural landscapes. Weed Science 53, 902–908.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
Lavandero B,
Wratten SD,
Didham RK, Gurr G
(2006) Increasing floral diversity for selective enhancement of biological control agents: A double-edged sward? Basic and Applied Ecology 7, 236–243.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Liu SS,
Cooper L,
Llewellyn RR,
Elson-Harris M,
Duff J,
Furlong MJ, Zalucki MP
(2004) Egg parasitoids of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), from south-east Queensland. Australian Journal of Entomology 43, 201–207.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Macdonald G, Smith AM
(1986) The incidence and distribution of the armyworms Mythimna convecta (Walker) and Persectania spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and their parasitoids in major agricultural districts of Victoria, south-eastern Australia. Bulletin of Entomological Research 76, 199–210.
Mansfield S,
Dillon ML, Whitehouse MEA
(2006) Are arthropod communities in cotton really disrupted? An assessment of insecticide regimes and evaluation of the beneficial disruption index. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 113, 326–335.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
Marino PC, Landis DA
(1996) Effect of landscape structure on parasitoid diversity and parasitism in agroecosystems. Ecological Applications 6, 276–284.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mensah RK
(1997) Local density responses of predatory insects of Helicoverpa spp. to a newly developed food supplement ‘Envirofeast’ in commercial cotton in Australia. International Journal of Pest Management 43, 221–225.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mensah RK
(1999) Habitat diversity: implications for the conservation and use of predatory insects of Helicoverpa spp. in cotton systems in Australia. International Journal of Pest Management 45, 91–100.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mensah RK
(2002) Development of an integrated pest management programme for cotton. Part 1: Establishing and utilizing natural enemies. International Journal of Pest Management 48, 87–94.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moreau TL,
Warman PR, Hoyle J
(2006) An evaluation of companion planting and botanical extracts as alternative pests controls for the Colorado potato beetle. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 23, 351–370.
Munyuli MBT,
Luther GC, Kyamanywa S
(2007) Effects of cowpea cropping systems and insecticides on arthropod predators in Uganda and Democratic Republic of the Congo. Crop Protection (Guildford, Surrey) 26, 114–126.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Murray DAH, Rynne KP
(1994) Effect of host plant on parasitism of Helicoverpa armigera (Lep.: Noctuidae) by Microplitis demolitor (Hym.: Braconidae). Entomophaga 39, 251–255.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Murray DAH, Zalucki MP
(1994) Spatial distribution and mortality of Helicoverpa spp. pupae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under field crops on the Darling Downs, Queensland. Australian Journal of Entomology 33, 193–198.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nicholas AH,
Spooner-Hart RN, Vickers RA
(2005) Abundance and natural control of the woolly aphid Eriosoma lanigerum in an Australian apple orchard IPM program. BioControl 50, 271–291.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Öberg S
(2007) Diversity of spiders after spring sowing – influence of farming system and habitat type. Journal of Applied Entomology 131, 524–531.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Östman Ö,
Ekbom B, Bengtsson J
(2003) Yield increase attributable to aphid predation by ground-living polyphagous natural enemies in spring barley in Sweden. Ecological Economics 45, 149–158.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Paoletti MG,
Boscolo P, Sommaggio D
(1997) Beneficial insects in fields surrounded by hedgerows in north eastern Italy. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 15, 311–323.
Pearce S, Zalucki M
(2005) Does the cutting of lucerne (Medicago sativa) encourage the movement of arthropod pests and predators into the adjacent crop? Australian Journal of Entomology 44, 219–225.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pearce S, Zalucki MP
(2006) Do predators aggregate in response to pest density in agroecosystems? Assessing within-field spatial patterns. Journal of Applied Ecology 43, 128–140.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pearce S,
Hebron WM,
Raven RJ,
Zalucki MP, Hassan E
(2004) Spider fauna of soybean crops in south-east Queensland and their potential as predators of Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Australian Journal of Entomology 43, 57–65.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Powell W, Pickett JA
(2003) Manipulation of parasitoids for aphid pest management: progress and prospects. Pest Management Science 59, 149–155.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
PubMed |
Rummel DR, Neece KC
(1989) Winter survival of Heliothis zea (Boddie) in cultivated and noncultivated soil in the southern Texas High Plains. The Southwestern Entomologist 14, 117–125.
Schaber BD, Entz T
(1994) Effect of annual and biennial burning of seed alfalfa (lucerne) stubble on populations of lygus (Lygus spp.), and alfalfa plant bug (Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze)) and their predators. The Annals of Applied Biology 124, 1–9.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schenk D, Bacher S
(2004) Detection of shield beetle remains in predators using monoclonal antibody. Journal of Applied Entomology 128, 273–278.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schneider JC
(2003) Overwintering of Heliothis virescens (F.) and Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in cotton fields of Northeast Mississippi. Journal of Economic Entomology 96, 1433–1447.
| PubMed |
Scholz BCG,
Monsour CJ, Zalucki MP
(1998) An evaluation of selective Helicoverpa armigera control options in sweet corn. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, 601–607.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sheppard SK, Harwood JD
(2005) Advances in molecular ecology: tracking trophic links through predator–prey food-webs. Functional Ecology 19, 751–762.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Smith SM
(1996) Biological control with Trichogramma: Advances, successes, and potential of their use. Annual Review of Entomology 41, 375–406.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
PubMed |
Songa JM,
Jiang N,
Schulthess F, Omwega C
(2007) The role of intercropping different cereal species in controlling lepidopteran stemborers on maize in Kenya. Journal of Applied Entomology 131, 40–49.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Starý P, Carver M
(1979) Two new species of Aphidius Nees (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea: Aphidiidae) from Australia. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 18, 337–341.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sunderland KD
(1988) Quantitative methods for detecting invertebrate predation occurring in the field. The Annals of Applied Biology 112, 201–224.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Symondson WOC
(2002) Molecular identification of prey in predator diets. Molecular Ecology 11, 627–641.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
PubMed |
Thies C, Tscharntke T
(1999) Landscape structure and biological control in agroecosystems. Science 285, 893–895.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
PubMed |
Thomas CFG,
Green F, Marshall EJP
(1997) Distribution, dispersal and population size of the ground beetles, Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) and Harpalus rufipes (Degeer) (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in field margin habitats. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 15, 337–352.
Thomas MB,
Wratten SD, Sotherton NW
(1991) Creation of ‘island’ habitats in farmland to manipulate populations of beneficial arthropods: predator densities and emigration. Journal of Applied Ecology 28, 906–917.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thorbek P, Bilde T
(2004) Reduced numbers of generalist arthropod predators after crop management. Journal of Applied Ecology 41, 526–538.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tsitsilas A,
Stuckey S,
Hoffmann AA,
Weeks AR, Thomson LJ
(2006) Shelterbelts in agricultural landscapes suppress invertebrate pests. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, 1379–1388.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Umina PA
(2007) Pyrethroid resistance discovered in a major agricultural pest in southern Australia: the redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor (Acari: Penthalidae). Pest Management Science 63, 1185–1190.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
PubMed |
Wade MR,
Zalucki MP, Franzmann BA
(2005) Influence of observer presence on Pacific damsel bug behavior: Who is watching whom? Journal of Insect Behavior 18, 651–667.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zalucki MP,
Daglish G,
Firempong S, Twine PH
(1986) The biology and ecology of Heliothis armigera Hübner and Heliothis punctigera Wallengren (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australia: what do we know? Australian Journal of Zoology 34, 779–814.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |