Effects of partial replacement of soybean meal in broiler diets with gelatin and mono-component protease on growth performance, carcass and blood biochemical characteristics, lipid oxidation of meat, and economics
Z. Olfati A , F. Shariatmadari
A C , M. A. Karimi Torshizi A , H. Ahmadi A , M. Sharafi A and M. R. Bedford B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University,Jalal Al Ahmad Street, Tehran, Iran.
B AB Vista Feed Ingredients Ltd, Marlborough, SN8 4AN, UK.
C Corresponding author. Email: shariatf@modares.ac.ir
Animal Production Science 61(2) 146-155 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN20169
Submitted: 4 April 2020 Accepted: 18 September 2020 Published: 9 November 2020
Abstract
Context: Gelatin, presently a waste material from animal tissues and bones, may be suitable as a partial dietary replacement for soybean meal. In combination with protease, it may enhance growth performances of broiler chickens. However, limitations when introducing gelatin, are its unusual amino acid profile and digesta viscosity.
Aim: An experiment was conducted to elucidate effects on growth performance, blood biochemistry, carcass and meat characteristics, and feed costs of partial replacement of soybean meal with gelatin and protease in broilers diets.
Methods: The experimental design was a factorial arrangement of two levels of mono-component protease (0 and 200 g/t diet) and four levels of gelatin (0%, 2.82%, 4.23% and 5.64% of the diet) with six replicates and 15 male broiler chickens in each pen.
Key results: The higher levels of gelatin inclusion decreased bodyweight and increased feed conversion ratio (P < 0.001), whereas addition of enzyme improved both parameters (P < 0.001). Higher gelatin inclusion levels decreased abdominal fat, and enzyme addition resulted in greater carcass yield (P < 0.001). European performance efficiency factor reduced with incremental gelatin levels but increased with enzyme inclusion (P < 0.001). Feed cost per bird was reduced at higher gelatin inclusion levels, more so in the protease-treated diets up to 4.23% inclusion level. Lipid peroxidation values for breast and thigh meat decreased significantly with gelatin inclusion in the absence of protease but increased in the presence of protease. Breast and thigh lipid peroxidation was reduced (P < 0.001) by supplementation of protease in the control diet.
Conclusions: The results suggest that the performance-depressing effects of gelatin can be overcome to some extent by inclusion of a protease.
Implications: The use of gelatin may reduce dependence on soybean meal and reduce costs by using what is at present a waste material. Consideration is needed of the digestible amino acid profile of gelatin, and choice of more effective enzymes to reduce deleterious effects of gelatin.
Keywords: broiler, enzyme, exogenous protease, gelatin, meat quality, poultry.
References
Abudabos A (2012) Effect of enzyme supplementation to normal and low density broiler diets based on corn-soybean meal. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 7, 139–148.| Effect of enzyme supplementation to normal and low density broiler diets based on corn-soybean meal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Acevedo-Giraldo JD, Sánchez JA, Romero MH (2020) Effects of feed withdrawal times prior to slaughter on some animal welfare indicators and meat quality traits in commercial pigs. Meat Science 167, 107993
| Effects of feed withdrawal times prior to slaughter on some animal welfare indicators and meat quality traits in commercial pigs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 32388087PubMed |
AOAC (2000) ‘International official methods of analysis.’ 17th edn. (AOAC International: Rockville, MD, USA)
Apple JK, Davis JC, Stephenson J (1999) Influence of body condition score on by-product yield and value from cull beef cows. Journal of Animal Science 77, 2670–2679.
| Influence of body condition score on by-product yield and value from cull beef cows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 10521026PubMed |
Asadi Kermani Z, Shahir MH, Baradaran N (2017) Effect of gelatin supplementation on growth performance and blood metabolites of broiler chickens fed diets varying in crude protein. Livestock Science 201, 5–12.
| Effect of gelatin supplementation on growth performance and blood metabolites of broiler chickens fed diets varying in crude protein.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ashley J, Fisher H (1966) The amino acid deficiencies of gelatin for the growing chicken Poultry Science 45, 541–546.
| The amino acid deficiencies of gelatin for the growing chickenCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Berge GE, Sveier H, Lied E (1998) Nutrition of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): the requirement and metabolic effect of lysine. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 120, 477–485.
| Nutrition of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): the requirement and metabolic effect of lysine.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Block R, Weiss K (1956) ‘Amino acid handbook.’ (Charles Thomas: Springfield, IL, USA)
Café M, Borges C, Fritts C, Waldroup P (2002) Avizyme improves performance of broilers fed corn-soybean meal-based diets. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 11, 29–33.
| Avizyme improves performance of broilers fed corn-soybean meal-based diets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cowieson AJ, Singh DN, Adeola O (2006) Prediction of ingredient quality and the effect of a combination of xylanase, amylase, protease and phytase in the diets of broiler chicks. 1. Growth performance and digestible nutrient intake. British Poultry Science 47, 477–489.
| Prediction of ingredient quality and the effect of a combination of xylanase, amylase, protease and phytase in the diets of broiler chicks. 1. Growth performance and digestible nutrient intake.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16905475PubMed |
De Pietro M (2019) 10 health benefits of gelatin. Medical News Today Newslatter, 6 November 2019. Available at https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319124
Eastoe JE, Leach AA (1977) Chemical constitution of gelatin. In ‘The science and technology of gelatin’. (Eds AG Ward, A Courts) (Academic Press: London)
Engberg RM, Hedemann MS, Steenfeldt S, Jensen BB (2004) Influence of whole wheat and xylanase on broiler performance and microbial composition and activity in the digestive tract. Poultry Science 83, 925–38.
| Influence of whole wheat and xylanase on broiler performance and microbial composition and activity in the digestive tract.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15206619PubMed |
Espe M, Lemme A, Petri A, A E-M (2006) Can Atlantic salmon grow on diets devoid of fish meal? Agriculture 255, 255–262.
Freitas DM, Vieira SL, Angel CR, Favero A, Maiorka A (2011) Performance and nutrient utilization of broilers fed diets supplemented with a novel mono-component protease Poultry Researches 20, 322–334.
| Performance and nutrient utilization of broilers fed diets supplemented with a novel mono-component proteaseCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fossati P, Prencipe L (1982) Serum triglycerides determined colorimetrically with an enzyme that produces hydrogen peroxide. Clinical Chemistry 28, 2077–2080..
Fru-Nji F, Kluenter AM, Fischer M, Pontoppidan K (2011) A feed serine protease improves broilers performance and increases protein and energy digestibility. Poultry Science 48, 239–246.
| A feed serine protease improves broilers performance and increases protein and energy digestibility.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Goli S, Aghdam Shahryar H (2014) Effect of enzymes supplementation (rovabio and kemin) me on some blood biochemical parameters, performance and carcass characterizes in broiler chickens. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science 5, 127–131.
Gómez-Guillén MC, Turnay J, Fernández-Díaz MD, Ulmo N, Lizarbe MA, Montero P (2002) Structural and physical properties of gelatin extracted from different marine species: a comparative study. Food Hydrocolloids 16, 25–34.
Gomez-Guillen MC, Lopez-Caballero ME, Lopez de Lacey AA, Gimenez B, Montero P (2010) Antioxidant and antimicrobial peptide fractions from squid and tuna. In ‘Sea by-products as a real material: new ways of application’. Ch. 7. pp. 89–115. (Transworld Research Network Signpost: Trivandrum, Kerala, India)
Gracia MI, Arani´Bar MH, Zaro LA, Medel R, Mateos GG (2003) Amylase supplementation of broiler diets based on corn. Poultry Science 82, 436–442.
| Amylase supplementation of broiler diets based on corn.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12705405PubMed |
Gutierrez ME, Garcia AF, Madariaga MAD, Sagrista ML, Casado FJM (2003) Interaction of tocopherols and phenolic compounds with membrane lipid components. Evaluation of their antioxidant activity in a liposomal model system. Life Science 72, 2337–2360.
| Interaction of tocopherols and phenolic compounds with membrane lipid components. Evaluation of their antioxidant activity in a liposomal model system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hallikeri VB (2013) Effect of supplementation of protease on growth performance of commercial broilers. Ph.D thesis, India.
Harris WD, Popat P (1954) Determination of phosphorus content of lipids. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 31, 124–127.
| Determination of phosphorus content of lipids.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Huff GR, Huff V, Jalukar S, Oppy J, Rath NBP (2013) The effects of yeast feed supplementation on turkey performance and pathogen colonization in a transport stress/Escherichia coli challenge. Poultry Science 92, 655–662.
| The effects of yeast feed supplementation on turkey performance and pathogen colonization in a transport stress/Escherichia coli challenge.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23436516PubMed |
Ikegami S, Tsuchihashi F, Harada H, Tsuchihashi N, Nishide E, Innami S (1990) Effect of viscous indigestible polysaccharides on pancreatic-biliary secretion and digestive organs in rats. The Journal of Nutrition 120, 353–360.
| Effect of viscous indigestible polysaccharides on pancreatic-biliary secretion and digestive organs in rats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 2158535PubMed |
Johnston-Banks F (1990) Gelatin. In ‘Food gels’. (Ed. P Harris) Elsevier Applied Food Science Series. pp. 233–289. (Springer: Dordrecht, Netherlands)
Joo ST, Kim GD, Hwang YH, Ryu YC (2013) Control of fresh meat quality through manipulation of muscle fiber characteristics. Meat Science 95, 828–836.
| Control of fresh meat quality through manipulation of muscle fiber characteristics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23702339PubMed |
Kalia S, Bharti V, Giri A, Kumar B, Arora A, Balaje S (2018) Hippophae rhamnoides as novel phytogenic feed additive for broiler chickens at high altitude cold desert. Scientific Reports 8, 5954
| Hippophae rhamnoides as novel phytogenic feed additive for broiler chickens at high altitude cold desert.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29654246PubMed |
Khalaji S, Manafi M, Olfati Z, Hedyati M, Latifi M, Veysi A (2016) Replacing soybean meal with gelatin extracted from cow skin and corn protein concentrate as a protein source in broiler diets. Poultry Science 95, 287–97.
| Replacing soybean meal with gelatin extracted from cow skin and corn protein concentrate as a protein source in broiler diets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26574036PubMed |
Kittiphattanabawon P, Benjakul S, Visessanguan W, Shahidi F (2012) Gelatin hydrolysate from blacktip shark skin prepared using papaya latex enzyme: antioxidant activity and its potential in model systems. Food Chemistry 135, 1118–1126.
| Gelatin hydrolysate from blacktip shark skin prepared using papaya latex enzyme: antioxidant activity and its potential in model systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22953833PubMed |
Kussaibati R, Guillaume J, Leclercq B (1982) The effects of age, dietary fat and bile salts, and feeding rate on apparent and true metabolisable energy values in chickens. British Poultry Science 23, 393–403.
| The effects of age, dietary fat and bile salts, and feeding rate on apparent and true metabolisable energy values in chickens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 7139389PubMed |
Leeson S, Summers JD (2001) ‘Scott’s nutrition of the chicken.’ 4th edn. (International Book Distributing Company: Lucknow, India)
Lovrić J, Mesić M, Macan M, Koprivanac M, Kelava MVB (2008) Measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) level in rat plasma after simvastatin treatment using two different analytical methods. Periodicum Biologorum 110, 63–68.
Mahmood T, Mirza MA, Nawaz H, Shahid M (2018) Exogenous protease supplementation of poultry by-product meal-based diets for broilers: effects on growth, carcass characteristics and nutrient digestibility. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 102, e233–e241.
| Exogenous protease supplementation of poultry by-product meal-based diets for broilers: effects on growth, carcass characteristics and nutrient digestibility.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28455873PubMed |
McGinnis N (1946) The influence of gelatin on prevention of perosis in turkeys fed choline and betaine. Poultry Science 25, 91–92.
| The influence of gelatin on prevention of perosis in turkeys fed choline and betaine.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mendis E, Rajapakse N, Kim SK (2005) Antioxidant properties of a radical-scavenging peptide purified from enzymatically prepared fish skin gelatin hydrolysate. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53, 581–587.
| Antioxidant properties of a radical-scavenging peptide purified from enzymatically prepared fish skin gelatin hydrolysate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15686405PubMed |
Mundheim H, Aksnes A, Hope B (2004) Growth, feed efficiency and digestibility in salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed different dietary proportions of vegetable protein sources in combination with two fish meal qualities. Agriculture 237, 315–331.
NRC (1994) ‘Nutrient requirements of poultry.’ 9th revised edn. (National Academic Press: Washington, DC)
Opstvedt J, Aksnes A, Hope B, Pike I (2003) Efficiency of feed utilization in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed diets with increasing substitution of fishmeal with vegetable proteins. Agriculture 221, 365–379.
Owens B, Tucker L, Collins MA, McCracken KJ (2008) Effects of different feed additives alone or in combination on broiler performance, gut microflora and ileal histology. British Poultry Science 49, 202–212.
| Effects of different feed additives alone or in combination on broiler performance, gut microflora and ileal histology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18409095PubMed |
Petersen GI, S-T MR, Stein HH (2005) Apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in gelatin-based diets by growing pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 119, 107–115.
| Apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in gelatin-based diets by growing pigs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rochell SJ, Kerr BJ, Dozier WA (2011) Energy determination of corn co-products fed to broiler chicks from 15 to 24 days of age, and use of composition analysis to predict nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy. Poultry Science 90, 1999–2007.
| Energy determination of corn co-products fed to broiler chicks from 15 to 24 days of age, and use of composition analysis to predict nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21844266PubMed |
Ross 308 Broilers Guidance (2014) Ross broiler management handbook. Aviagen, Huntsville, AL, USA. Available at: http://goldenpoultry.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Ross-Broiler-Handbook-2014i-EN.pdf [Verified 9 October 2020]
Rubio I, Castro G, Zanini AC, Medeiros-Neto G (2008) Oral ingestion of a hydrolyzed gelatin meal in subjects with normal weight and in obese patients: postprandial effect on circulating gut peptides, glucose and insulin. Eating and Weight Disorders 13, 48–53.
| Oral ingestion of a hydrolyzed gelatin meal in subjects with normal weight and in obese patients: postprandial effect on circulating gut peptides, glucose and insulin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18319637PubMed |
Samart S, Soottawat B, Punnanee SKH (2014) Antioxidant activity of gelatin hydrolysate produced from fish skin gelatin using exteracellular protease from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H11. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation
Sveier H, Nordas H, GE B (2001) Dietary inclusion of crystalline D- and L-methionine: effects on growth, feed and protein utilisation, and digestibility in small and large Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture Nutrition 7, 169–181.
| Dietary inclusion of crystalline D- and L-methionine: effects on growth, feed and protein utilisation, and digestibility in small and large Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tougan U, Dahouda M, Salifou CFA, Ahounou SG, Kpodekon M, Mensah G, Kossou D, Amenou C, Kogbeto C, Thewis A, Youssao I (2013) Variability of carcass traits of local poultry populations of Gallus gallus species of Benin. International Journal of Poultry Science 12, 473–483.
| Variability of carcass traits of local poultry populations of Gallus gallus species of Benin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Xiao S, Zhang WG, Lee EJ, Ma CW, Ahn DU (2011) Effects of diet, packaging, and irradiation on protein oxidation, lipid oxidation, and colour of raw broiler thigh meat during refrigerated storage. Poultry Science 90, 1348–1357.
| Effects of diet, packaging, and irradiation on protein oxidation, lipid oxidation, and colour of raw broiler thigh meat during refrigerated storage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21597078PubMed |
Yadav J, Sah R (2005) Supplementation of corn-soybean based broiler’s diets with different levels of acid protease. Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science 26, 65–70.
| Supplementation of corn-soybean based broiler’s diets with different levels of acid protease.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yang J, Liang WS, Chow CJ, KJ S (2009) Process for the production of tilapia retorted skin gelatin hydrolysates with optimized antioxidative properties. Process Biochemistry 44, 1152–1157.
| Process for the production of tilapia retorted skin gelatin hydrolysates with optimized antioxidative properties.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yu B, Wu S, Liu C, Gauthier R, Chiou P (2007) Effects of enzyme inclusion in a maize–soybean diet on broiler performance. Animal Feed Science and Technology 134, 283–294.
| Effects of enzyme inclusion in a maize–soybean diet on broiler performance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zanella I, Sakomura NK, Silversides FG, Fiqueirdo A, Pack M (1999) Effect of enzyme supplementation of broiler diets based on corn and soybeans. Poultry Science 78, 561–568.
| Effect of enzyme supplementation of broiler diets based on corn and soybeans.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 10230910PubMed |
Zuo J, Ling B, Long L, Li T, Lahaye L, Yang C, Feng D (2015) Effect of dietary supplementation with protease on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, digestive enzymes and gene expression of weaned piglets. Animal Nutrition 1, 276–282.
| Effect of dietary supplementation with protease on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, digestive enzymes and gene expression of weaned piglets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29767006PubMed |
