A laboratory-scale simulation framework for analysing wildfire hydrologic and water quality effects

Carli P. Brucker; Ben Livneh; Claire E. Butler; Fernando L. Rosario-Ortiz

doi:10.1071/WF23050

RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)

Previous Next Contents Vol 33(12)

A laboratory-scale simulation framework for analysing wildfire hydrologic and water quality effects

Carli P. Brucker

^A ^B ^C ^* , Ben Livneh ^A ^B , Claire E. Butler ^D and Fernando L. Rosario-Ortiz ^A ^E

+ Author Affiliations

- Author Affiliations

^A Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.

^B Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.

^C Carollo Engineers, 11030 Circle Point Road, Suite 400, Westminster, CO 80020, USA.

^D Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

^E Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.

^* Correspondence to: carli.brucker@colorado.edu

International Journal of Wildland Fire 33, WF23050 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF23050

Submitted: 12 April 2023 Accepted: 23 November 2024 Published: 23 December 2024

© 2024 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing on behalf of IAWF. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY).

Abstract

Background

Wildfires can significantly impact water quality and supply. However logistical difficulties and high variability in in situ data collection have limited previous analyses.

Aims

We simulated wildfire and rainfall effects at varying terrain slopes in a controlled setting to isolate driver-response relationships.

Methods

Custom-designed laboratory-scale burn and rainfall simulators were applied to 154 soil samples, measuring subsequent runoff and constituent responses. Simulated conditions included low, moderate, and high burn intensities (~100–600°C); 10-, 200-, and 1000-year storm events (~14–51 mm/h); and 10–29° terrain slopes.

Key results

Simulators can control key drivers, with burn intensities highly correlated (R² = 0.64) with heat treatment durations. Increasing burn intensity treatments generally saw significant (α = 0.05) increases in responses, with runoff and sedimentation increasing by ~30–70% with each intensity increment. Carbon and nitrogen peaked at moderate intensities (~250°C), however, with concentrations ~200–250% of unburned samples.

Conclusions

Distinct responses at each burn intensity indicate nuanced changes in soil physical and chemical composition with increased heating, exacerbating driving mechanisms of runoff and sedimentation while reducing carbon and nitrogen through volatilisation.

Implications

This work furthers our understanding of interactions between complex geographic features and the mosaic of burn intensities which exist in wildfire-affected landscapes.

Keywords: Colorado, experiment, Fraser Experimental Forest, hydrology, laboratory-scale, precipitation, simulation, water quality, water treatment, wildfire.

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