Heading and backing fire behaviours mediate the influence of fuels on wildfire energy
Joseph D. Birch
A B * , Matthew B. Dickinson C , Alicia Reiner D , Eric E. Knapp E , Scott N. Dailey F , Carol Ewell G , James A. Lutz H and Jessica R. Miesel A B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. Email: mieselje@msu.edu
B Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
C USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Delaware, OH, USA. Email: matthew.b.dickinson@usda.gov
D Geospatial Technology and Applications Center, USDA Forest Service, Asheville, NC, USA. Email: alicia.reiner@usda.gov
E USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Redding, CA, USA. Email: eric.e.knapp@usda.gov
F USDA Forest Service, Enterprise Program, Reno, NV, USA. Email: scott.dailey@usda.gov
G USDA Forest Service, PSW Region, Stanislaus National Forest, Sonora, CA, USA.
H Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA. Email: james.lutz@usu.edu
* Correspondence to: coope456@msu.edu
International Journal of Wildland Fire 32(8) 1244-1261 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF22010
Submitted: 9 February 2022 Accepted: 30 June 2023 Published: 21 July 2023
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing on behalf of IAWF. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
Background: Pre-fire fuels, topography, and weather influence wildfire behaviour and fire-driven ecosystem carbon loss. However, the pre-fire characteristics that contribute to fire behaviour and effects are often understudied for wildfires because measurements are difficult to obtain.
Aims: This study aimed to investigate the relative contribution of pre-fire conditions to fire energy and the role of fire advancement direction in fuel consumption.
Methods: Over 15 years, we measured vegetation and fuels in California mixed-conifer forests within days before and after wildfires, with co-located measurements of active fire behaviour.
Key results: Pre-fire litter and duff fuels were the most important factors in explaining fire energy and contributed similarly across severity categories. Consumption was greatest for the forest floor (litter and duff; 56.8 Mg ha−1) and 1000-h fuels (36.0 Mg ha−1). Heading fires consumed 13.2 Mg ha−1 more litter (232%) and 24.3 Mg ha−1 more duff (202%) than backing fires. Remotely sensed fire severity was weakly correlated (R2 = 0.14) with fuel consumption.
Conclusions: 1000-h fuels, litter, and duff were primary drivers of fire energy, and heading fires consumed more fuel than backing fires.
Implications: Knowledge of how consumption and fire energy differ among contrasting types of fire behaviours may inform wildfire management and fuels treatments.
Keywords: backing fire, burn severity, carbon loss, FBAT, fire effects, flanking fire, forest change, heading fire, Klamath Mountains, Sierra Nevada.
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