Lightning and fire weather in eastern coastal fynbos shrublands: seasonality and long-term trends
Tineke Kraaij A B D , Richard M. Cowling B and Brian W. van Wilgen C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A South African National Parks, Scientific Services, Garden Route, PO Box 176, Sedgefield, 6573, South Africa.
B Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Department of Botany, PO Box 7700, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa.
C Centre for Invasion Biology, CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa.
D Corresponding author. Email: tineke.kraaij@sanparks.org
International Journal of Wildland Fire 22(3) 288-295 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF11167
Submitted: 22 November 2011 Accepted: 12 July 2012 Published: 15 October 2012
Abstract
Daily weather data (since 1939) from four localities in the south-eastern, coastal part of the Cape Floral Kingdom (‘south-eastern-CFK’) were used to calculate daily fire danger indices (FDIs). Cloud-to-ground lightning strike distributions (2006–10) were explored for geographical and temporal trends. Low or moderate fire danger conditions were the norm year round, and even large fires occurred under these conditions. Lightning occurred throughout the landscape at fairly low densities (mean = 0.4 strikes km–2 year–1) and in all seasons, increasing somewhat during summer. Lightning presence increased with increasing rainfall, relative humidity, temperature and wind speed. Lightning seasonality in the south-eastern-CFK did not differ from that in the south-western-CFK. Our results provide evidence of a largely aseasonal fire regime in eastern coastal fynbos shrublands: FDIs peaked in winter (due to low rainfall and hot, dry katabatic winds) but were not associated with a winter fire regime; lightning and the co-occurrence of lightning and elevated FDIs were aseasonal and were correlated with the incidence of lightning-ignited fires throughout the year. The implication for management is that season of burn is largely unimportant. Mean annual FDI increased significantly over the study period, a trend which is likely to manifest in increased frequency and severity of fire, some of which has already been observed.
Additional keywords: climate change, Garden Route National Park, Mediterranean-climate ecosystems, Outeniqua, rainfall, relative humidity, South Africa, temperature, Tsitsikamma, wind speed.
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