World Health Organization Global Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (WHO GASP): review of new data and evidence to inform international collaborative actions and research efforts

Magnus Unemo; Monica M. Lahra; Michelle Cole; Patricia Galarza; Francis Ndowa; Irene Martin; Jo-Anne R. Dillon; Pilar Ramon-Pardo; Gail Bolan; Teodora Wi

doi:10.1071/SH19023

REVIEW (Open Access)

World Health Organization Global Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (WHO GASP): review of new data and evidence to inform international collaborative actions and research efforts

Magnus Unemo ^A ^K , Monica M. Lahra ^B , Michelle Cole ^C , Patricia Galarza ^D , Francis Ndowa ^E , Irene Martin ^F , Jo-Anne R. Dillon ^G , Pilar Ramon-Pardo ^H , Gail Bolan ^I and Teodora Wi ^J

+ Author Affiliations

- Author Affiliations

^A World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other STIs, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 85 Örebro, Sweden.

^B World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Sexually Transmitted Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, New South Wales Health Pathology, Microbiology, Randwick, NSW, Australia.

^C National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK.

^D National Reference Laboratory for STDs, National Institute of Infectious Diseases – ANLIS ‘Dr Carlos G. Malbrán’, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

^E Skin and Genitourinary Medicine Clinic, Harare, Zimbabwe.

^F Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.

^G University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.

^H Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health Department Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA.

^I Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.

^J Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.

^K Corresponding author. Email: magnus.unemo@regionorebrolan.se

Sexual Health 16(5) 412-425 https://doi.org/10.1071/SH19023
Submitted: 7 February 2019 Accepted: 29 May 2019 Published: 23 August 2019

Journal Compilation © CSIRO 2019 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a serious public health problem, compromising the management and control of gonorrhoea globally. Resistance in N. gonorrhoeae to ceftriaxone, the last option for first-line empirical monotherapy of gonorrhoea, has been reported from many countries globally, and sporadic failures to cure especially pharyngeal gonorrhoea with ceftriaxone monotherapy and dual antimicrobial therapies (ceftriaxone plus azithromycin or doxycycline) have been confirmed in several countries. In 2018, the first gonococcal isolates with ceftriaxone resistance plus high-level azithromycin resistance were identified in England and Australia. The World Health Organization (WHO) Global Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (GASP) is essential to monitor AMR trends, identify emerging AMR and provide evidence for refinements of treatment guidelines and public health policy globally. Herein we describe the WHO GASP data from 67 countries in 2015–16, confirmed gonorrhoea treatment failures with ceftriaxone with or without azithromycin or doxycycline, and international collaborative actions and research efforts essential for the effective management and control of gonorrhoea. In most countries, resistance to ciprofloxacin is exceedingly high, azithromycin resistance is present and decreased susceptibility or resistance to ceftriaxone has emerged. Enhanced global collaborative actions are crucial for the control of gonorrhoea, including improved prevention, early diagnosis, treatment of index patient and partner (including test-of-cure), improved and expanded AMR surveillance (including surveillance of antimicrobial use and treatment failures), increased knowledge of correct antimicrobial use and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antimicrobials and effective drug regulations and prescription policies (including antimicrobial stewardship). Ultimately, rapid, accurate and affordable point-of-care diagnostic tests (ideally also predicting AMR and/or susceptibility), new therapeutic antimicrobials and, the only sustainable solution, gonococcal vaccine(s) are imperative.

Additional keywords: antimicrobial resistance, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, gonorrhoea, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, treatment.

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