Epidemiology of gonorrhoea: a global perspective

References

[1]  Holmes KK, Johnson DW, Trostle HJ. An estimate of the risk of men acquiring gonorrhea by sexual contact with infected females. Am J Epidemiol 1970; 91 170–4.
| An estimate of the risk of men acquiring gonorrhea by sexual contact with infected females.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 5416250PubMed |

[2]  Hooper RR, Reynolds GH, Jones OG, Zaidi A, Wiesner PJ, Lester A, et al Cohort study of venereal disease. I: the risk of gonorrhea transmission from infected women to men. Am J Epidemiol 1978; 108 136–44.
| Cohort study of venereal disease. I: the risk of gonorrhea transmission from infected women to men.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 707474PubMed |

[3]  Platt R, Rice PA, McCormack WM. Risk of acquiring gonorrhea and prevalence of abnormal adnexal findings among women recently exposed to gonorrhea. JAMA 1983; 250 3205–9.
| Risk of acquiring gonorrhea and prevalence of abnormal adnexal findings among women recently exposed to gonorrhea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 6417362PubMed |

[4]  Hui B, Fairley CK, Chen M, Grulich A, Hocking J, Prestage G, et al Oral and anal sex are key to sustaining gonorrhea at endemic levels in MSM populations: a mathematical model. Sex Transm Infect 2015; 91 365–9.
| Oral and anal sex are key to sustaining gonorrhea at endemic levels in MSM populations: a mathematical model.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25596192PubMed |

[5]  Liu B, Roberts CL, Clarke M, Jorm L, Hunt J, Ward J. Chlamydia and gonorrhoea infections and the risk of adverse obstetric outcomes: a retrospective cohort study. Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89 672–8.
| Chlamydia and gonorrhoea infections and the risk of adverse obstetric outcomes: a retrospective cohort study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24005255PubMed |

[6]  Donders GG, Desmyter J, De Wet DH, Van Assche FA. The association of gonorrhoea and syphilis with premature birth and low birthweight. Genitourin Med 1993; 69 98–101.
| 8509101PubMed |

[7]  Maxwell GL, Watson WJ. Preterm premature rupture of membranes: results of expectant management in patients with cervical cultures positive for group B streptococcus or Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166 945–9.
| Preterm premature rupture of membranes: results of expectant management in patients with cervical cultures positive for group B streptococcus or Neisseria gonorrhoeae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1550170PubMed |

[8]  Heumann CL, Quilter LA, Eastment MC, Heffron R, Hawes SE. Adverse birth outcomes and maternal Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection: a population-based cohort study in Washington State. Sex Transm Dis 2017; 44 266–71.
| Adverse birth outcomes and maternal Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection: a population-based cohort study in Washington State.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28407641PubMed |

[9]  Pathela P, Braunstein SL, Blank S, Schillinger JA. HIV incidence among men with and those without sexually transmitted rectal infections: estimates from matching against an HIV case registry. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57 1203–9.
| HIV incidence among men with and those without sexually transmitted rectal infections: estimates from matching against an HIV case registry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23800942PubMed |

[10]  Bernstein KT, Marcus JL, Nieri G, Philip SS, Klausner JD. Rectal gonorrhea and chlamydia reinfection is associated with increased risk of HIV seroconversion. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 53 537–43.
| Rectal gonorrhea and chlamydia reinfection is associated with increased risk of HIV seroconversion.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19935075PubMed |

[11]  Sadiq ST, Taylor S, Copas AJ, Bennett J, Kaye S, Drake SM, et al The effects of urethritis on seminal plasma HIV-1 RNA loads in homosexual men no receiving antiretroviral therapy. Sex Transm Infect 2005; 81 120–3.
| The effects of urethritis on seminal plasma HIV-1 RNA loads in homosexual men no receiving antiretroviral therapy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15800087PubMed |

[12]  Unemo M, del Rio C, Shafer WM. Antimicrobial resistance expressed by Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a major global public health problem in the 21st century. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 4
| Antimicrobial resistance expressed by Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a major global public health problem in the 21st century.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27337478PubMed |

[13]  Rowley J, Vander Hoom S, Korenromp S, Low N, Unemo M, Abu-Raddad LJ, et al Global and regional estimates of the prevalence and estimates of four curable sexually transmitted infections in 2016. Bull World Health Organ 2019; 97 548–62P.
| 31384073PubMed |

[14]  Torrone EA, Johnson RE, Tian LH, Papp JR, Datta D, Weinstock HS. Prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae among persons 14 to 39 years of age, United States, 1999 to 2008. Sex Transm Dis 2013; 40 202–5.
| Prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae among persons 14 to 39 years of age, United States, 1999 to 2008.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23407466PubMed |

[15]  Sonnenberg P, Clifton S, Beddows S, Field N, Soldan K, Tanton C, et al Prevalence, risk factors, and uptake of interventions for sexually transmitted infections in Britain: findings from the National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal). Lancet 2013; 382 1795–806.
| Prevalence, risk factors, and uptake of interventions for sexually transmitted infections in Britain: findings from the National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24286785PubMed |

[16]  Cárcamo CP, Campos PE, García PJ, Hughes JP, Garnett GP, Holmes KK, Peru PREVEN study team. Prevalences of sexually transmitted infections in young adults and female sex workers in Peru: a national population-based survey. Lancet Infect Dis 2012; 12 765–73.
| 22878023PubMed |

[17]  Torrone EA, Morrison CS, Chen PL, Kwok C, Francis SC, Hayes RJ, et al Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis among women in sub-Saharan Africa: an individual participant data meta-analysis of 18 HIV prevention studies. PLoS Med 2018; 15 e1002511
| Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis among women in sub-Saharan Africa: an individual participant data meta-analysis of 18 HIV prevention studies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29944660PubMed |

[18]  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2017. Atlanta: U.S Department of Health and Human Services; 2018.

[19]  Kirby Institute. HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia: annual surveillance report 2018. Sydney: Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney; 2018.

[20]  Choudhri Y, Miller J, Sandu J, Leon A, Aho J. Gonorrhea in Canada, 2010–2015. Can Commun Dis Rep 2018; 44 37–42.
| Gonorrhea in Canada, 2010–2015.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29770097PubMed |

[21]  European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Gonorrhoea – Annual Epidemiological Report for 2016. Stockholm: ECDC; 2018.

[22]  Public Health England. Sexually transmitted infections and screening for chlamydia in England, 2018. Health Protection Report, Volume 13 Number 19, 7 June 2019. London: Public Health England; 2019. Available online at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/806118/hpr1919_stis-ncsp_ann18.pdf [verified 12 August 2019].

[23]  Mohammed H, Hughes G, Fenton KA. Surveillance systems for sexually transmitted infections: a global review. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2016; 29 64–9.
| Surveillance systems for sexually transmitted infections: a global review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26658655PubMed |

[24]  Mohammed H, Mitchell H, Sile B, Duffell S, Nardone A, Hughes G. Increase in sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men, England, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22 88–91.
| Increase in sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men, England, 2014.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26689861PubMed |

[25]  García JI, Sabidó M, Nikiforov M, Smith A, Hernández G, Ortiz R, et al The UALE project: a cross-sectional approach for trends in HIV/STI prevalence among key populations attending STI clinics in Guatemala. BMJ Open 2018; 8 e022632
| The UALE project: a cross-sectional approach for trends in HIV/STI prevalence among key populations attending STI clinics in Guatemala.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30232112PubMed |

[26]  Yang L-G, Zhang X-H, Zhao P-Z, Chen Z-Y, Ke W-J, Ren X-Q. Gonorrhea and chlamydia prevalence in different anatomical sites among men who have sex with men: a cross-sectional study in Guangzhou, China. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18 675
| Gonorrhea and chlamydia prevalence in different anatomical sites among men who have sex with men: a cross-sectional study in Guangzhou, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30563478PubMed |

[27]  Patton ME, Kidd S, Llata E, Stenger M, Braxton J, Asbel L, et al Extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydia testing and infection among men who have sex with men—STD Surveillance Network, United States, 2010–2012. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58 1564–70.
| Extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydia testing and infection among men who have sex with men—STD Surveillance Network, United States, 2010–2012.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24647015PubMed |

[28]  Cunha CB, Friedman RK, de Boni RB, Gaydos C, Guimarães MR, Siqueira BH, et al Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and syphilis among men who have sex with men in Brazil. BMC Public Health 2015; 15 686
| Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and syphilis among men who have sex with men in Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26195002PubMed |

[29]  Sanders EJ, Thiong’o AN, Okuku HS, Mwambi J, Priddy F, Shafi J, et al High prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among HIV-1 negative men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya. Sex Transm Infect 2010; 86 440–1.
| High prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among HIV-1 negative men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20656722PubMed |

[30]  Tongtoyai J, Todd CS, Chonwattana W, Pattanasin S, Chaikummao S, Varangrat A, et al Prevalence and correlates of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by anatomic site among urban Thai men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Dis 2015; 42 440–9.
| Prevalence and correlates of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by anatomic site among urban Thai men who have sex with men.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26165436PubMed |

[31]  Kim EJ, Hladik W, Barker J, Lubwama G, Sendagala S, Ssenkusu JM, et al Sexually transmitted infections associated with alcohol use and HIV infections among men who have sex with men in Kampala, Uganda. Sex Transm Infect 2016; 92 240–5.
| Sexually transmitted infections associated with alcohol use and HIV infections among men who have sex with men in Kampala, Uganda.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26424713PubMed |

[32]  Johnson Jones ML, Chapin-Bardales J, Bizune D, Papp JR, Phillips C, Kirkcaldy RD, Wejnert C, Bernstein KT, National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Sexually Transmitted Infection Study Group. Extragenital chlamydia and gonorrhoea among community venue-attending men who have sex with men— 5 Cities, United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019; 68 321–5.
| 30973847PubMed |

[33]  Callander D, Guy R, Fairley CK, McManus H, Prestage G, Chow EF, et al Gonorrhoea gone wild: rising incidence of gonorrhoea and associated risk factors among gay and bisexual men attending Australian sexual health clinics. Sex Health 2018; [Epub ahead of print]
| Gonorrhoea gone wild: rising incidence of gonorrhoea and associated risk factors among gay and bisexual men attending Australian sexual health clinics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30409244PubMed |

[34]  Igoe D, Kelleher M, Cooney F, Clarke S, Quinlan M, Lyons F, et al There has been a true rise in Neisseria gonorrhoeae but not in Chlamydia trachomatis in men who have men with men in Dublin, Ireland. Sex Transm Infect 2014; 90 523
| There has been a true rise in Neisseria gonorrhoeae but not in Chlamydia trachomatis in men who have men with men in Dublin, Ireland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25316918PubMed |

[35]  Martí-Pastor M, de Olalla PG, Barberá MJ, Manzardo C, Ocaña I, Knobel H, et al Epidemiology of infections by HIV, syphilis, gonorrhea, and lymphogranuloma venereum in Barcelona City: a population-based incidence study. BMC Public Health 2015; 15 1015
| Epidemiology of infections by HIV, syphilis, gonorrhea, and lymphogranuloma venereum in Barcelona City: a population-based incidence study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26438040PubMed |

[36]  Weston EJ, Kirkcaldy RD, Stenger M, Llata E, Hoots B, Torrone EA. Narrative review: assessment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among men who have sex with men in national and sentinel surveillance systems in the United States. Sex Transm Dis 2018; 45 243–9.
| 29465702PubMed |

[37]  Stenger MR, Pathela P, Anschuetz G, Bauer H, Simon J, Kohn R, et al Increases in the rate of Neisseria gonorrhoeae among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men – findings from the Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance Network 2010–2015. Sex Transm Dis 2017; 44 393–7.
| Increases in the rate of Neisseria gonorrhoeae among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men – findings from the Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance Network 2010–2015.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28608788PubMed |

[38]  Ling DI, Janjua NZ, Wong S, Krajden M, Hoang L, Morshed M, et al Sexually transmitted infection trends among gay or bisexual men from a clinic-based sentinel surveillance system in British Columbia, Canada. Sex Transm Dis 2015; 42 153–9.
| Sexually transmitted infection trends among gay or bisexual men from a clinic-based sentinel surveillance system in British Columbia, Canada.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25668648PubMed |

[39]  Hughes G, Field N. The epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections in the UK: impact of behavior, services, and interventions. Future Microbiol 2015; 10 35–51.
| The epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections in the UK: impact of behavior, services, and interventions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25598336PubMed |

[40]  Baker KS, Dallman TJ, Ashton PM, Day M, Hughes G, Crook PD, et al International dissemination of azithromycin-resistant shigellosis through sexual transmission: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Infect Dis 2015; 15 913–21.
| International dissemination of azithromycin-resistant shigellosis through sexual transmission: a cross-sectional study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25936611PubMed |

[41]  Glick SN, Morris M, Foxman B, Aral SO, Manhart LE, Holmes KK, Golden MR. A comparison of sexual behavior patterns among men who have sex with men and heterosexual men and women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2012; 60 83–90.
| A comparison of sexual behavior patterns among men who have sex with men and heterosexual men and women.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22522237PubMed |

[42]  Spicknall IH, Gift TL, Bernstein KT, Aral SO. Sexual networks and infection transmission networks among men who have sex with men as causes of disparity and targets of prevention. Sex Transm Infect 2017; 93 307–8.
| Sexual networks and infection transmission networks among men who have sex with men as causes of disparity and targets of prevention.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28389442PubMed |

[43]  Hess KL, Crepaz N, Rose C, Purcell D, Paz-Bailey G. Trends in sexual behavior among men who have sex with men (MSM) in high-income countries, 1990–2013: a systematic review. AIDS Behav 2017; 21 2811–34.
| Trends in sexual behavior among men who have sex with men (MSM) in high-income countries, 1990–2013: a systematic review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28555317PubMed |

[44]  Paz-Bailey G, Mendoza MC, Finlayson T, Wejnert C, Le B, Rose C, et al Trends in condom use among MSM in the United States: the role of antiviral therapy and seroadaptive strategies. AIDS 2016; 30 1985–90.
| Trends in condom use among MSM in the United States: the role of antiviral therapy and seroadaptive strategies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27149088PubMed |

[45]  Kouyos RD, Hasse B, Calmy A, Cavassini M, Furrer H, Stöckle M, et al Increases in condomless sex in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2015; 2 ofv077
| Increases in condomless sex in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26180827PubMed |

[46]  Khosropour CM, Dombrowski JC, Kerani RP, Katz DA, Barbee LA, Golden MR. Changes in condomless sex and serosorting among men who have sex with men after HIV diagnosis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016; 73 475–81.
| Changes in condomless sex and serosorting among men who have sex with men after HIV diagnosis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27792685PubMed |

[47]  Khosropour CM, Dombrowski JC, Swanson F, Kerani RP, Katz DA, Barbee LA, et al Trends in serosorting and the association with HIV/STI risk over time among men who have sex with men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016; 72 189–97.
| Trends in serosorting and the association with HIV/STI risk over time among men who have sex with men.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26885806PubMed |

[48]  Stahlman S, Grosso A, Ketende S, Mothopeng T, Taruberekera N, Nkonyana J, et al Characteristics of men who have sex with men in southern Africa who seek sex online: a cross-sectional study. J Med Internet Res 2015; 17 e129
| Characteristics of men who have sex with men in southern Africa who seek sex online: a cross-sectional study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26006788PubMed |

[49]  Watchirs Smith L, Guy R, Degenhardt L, Yeung A, Rissel C, Richters J, et al Meeting sexual partners through internet sites and smartphone apps in Australia: national representative study. J Med Internet Res 2018; 20 e10683
| Meeting sexual partners through internet sites and smartphone apps in Australia: national representative study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30563809PubMed |

[50]  Lee VC, Sullivan PS, Baral SD. Global travel and HIV/STI epidemics among MSM: what does the future hold? Sex Health 2017; 14 51–8.
| Global travel and HIV/STI epidemics among MSM: what does the future hold?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28055822PubMed |

[51]  Wang H, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Wang K, Zhang X, Su J, Wang G. The use of geospatial networking smartphone applications and the risk of sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men: as systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2018; 18 1178
| The use of geospatial networking smartphone applications and the risk of sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men: as systematic review and meta-analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30326887PubMed |

[52]  O’Connor L, O’Donnell K, Barrett P, Hickson FCI, McCartney D, Quinlan M, et al Use of geospatial networking applications is independently associated with diagnosis of STI among men who have sex with men testing for STIs: findings from the cross-sectional MSM Internet Survey Ireland (MISI) 2015. Sex Transm Infect 2019; 95 279–84.
| 30518621PubMed |

[53]  Nguyen VK, Greenwald ZR, Trottier H, Cadieux M, Goyette A, Beauchemin M, et al Incidence of sexually transmitted infections before and after preexposure prophylaxis for HIV. AIDS 2018; 32 523–30.
| 29239887PubMed |

[54]  Leyva-Moral JM, Feijoo-Cid M, Moriña D, Caylà JA, Arando M, Vall M, et al Gay circuit parties in Barcelona and their impact on gonorrhea incidence. Arch Sex Behav 2018; 47 2027–34.
| Gay circuit parties in Barcelona and their impact on gonorrhea incidence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30014338PubMed |

[55]  van den Boom W, Davidovich W, Heuker J, Lamber F, Prins M, Sandfort T, Stolte IG. Is group sex a higher-risk setting for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections compared with dyadic sex among men who have sex with men? Sex Transm Dis 2016; 43 99–104.
| Is group sex a higher-risk setting for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections compared with dyadic sex among men who have sex with men?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26766526PubMed |

[56]  Rice CE, Lynch CD, Norris AH, Davis JA, Fields KS, Ervin M, Turner AN. Group sex and prevalent sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men. Arch Sex Behav 2016; 45 1411–9.
| Group sex and prevalent sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26392187PubMed |

[57]  Glynn RW, Byrne N, O’Dea S, Shanley A, Codd M, Keenan E, et al Chemsex, risk behaviors, and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men in Dublin, Ireland. Int J Drug Policy 2018; 52 9–15.
| Chemsex, risk behaviors, and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men in Dublin, Ireland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29223761PubMed |

[58]  Kirkcaldy RD, Zaidi A, Hook EW, Holmes MM, Soge O, del Rio C, et al Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance among men who have sex with men and men who have sex exclusively with women: the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project, 2005–2010. Ann Intern Med 2013; 158 321–8.
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance among men who have sex with men and men who have sex exclusively with women: the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project, 2005–2010.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23460055PubMed |

[59]  Ison CA, Town K, Obi C, Chisholm S, Hughes G, Livermore DM, et al Decreased susceptibility to cephalosporins among gonococci: data from the Gonococcal Resistance to Antimicrobials Surveillance Programme (GRASP) in England and Wales, 2007–2011. Lancet Infect Dis 2013; 13 762–8.
| Decreased susceptibility to cephalosporins among gonococci: data from the Gonococcal Resistance to Antimicrobials Surveillance Programme (GRASP) in England and Wales, 2007–2011.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23764300PubMed |

[60]  Clifton S, Bolt H, Mohammed H, Town K, Furegato M, Cole M, et al Prevalence and factors associated with MDR Neisseria gonorrhoeae in England and Wales between 2004 and 2015: analysis of annual cross-sectional surveys. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 73 923–32.
| Prevalence and factors associated with MDR Neisseria gonorrhoeae in England and Wales between 2004 and 2015: analysis of annual cross-sectional surveys.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29394396PubMed |

[61]  Serra-Pladevall J, Barberá MJ, Callarisa AE, Barolomé-Comas R, Andreu A. Differences in Neisseria gonorrhoeae population structure and antimicrobial resistance pattern between men who have sex with men and heterosexuals. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145 379–85.
| Differences in Neisseria gonorrhoeae population structure and antimicrobial resistance pattern between men who have sex with men and heterosexuals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27758727PubMed |

[62]  Lewis DA. The role of core groups in the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant N. gonorrhoeae. Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89 iv47–51.
| The role of core groups in the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant N. gonorrhoeae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24243880PubMed |

[63]  Grad YH, Kirkcaldy RD, Trees D, Dordell J, Harris SR, Goldstein E, et al Genomic epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with reduced susceptibility to cefixime in the USA: a retrospective observational study. Lancet Infect Dis 2014; 14 220–6.
| Genomic epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with reduced susceptibility to cefixime in the USA: a retrospective observational study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24462211PubMed |

[64]  Kwong JC, Chow EPF, Stevens K, Stinear TP, Seeman T, Fairley CK, et al Whole-genome sequencing reveals transmission of gonococcal antibiotic resistance among men who have sex with men: an observational study. Sex Transm Infect 2018; 94 151–7.
| Whole-genome sequencing reveals transmission of gonococcal antibiotic resistance among men who have sex with men: an observational study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29247013PubMed |

[65]  Lewis DA. Will targeting oropharyngeal gonorrhoea delay the further emergence of drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains? Sex Transm Infect 2015; 91 234–7.
| Will targeting oropharyngeal gonorrhoea delay the further emergence of drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25911525PubMed |

[66]  Poteat T, Radix AE. Transgender individuals. In Bachmann LH, editor. Sexually transmitted infections in HIV-infected adults and special populations. Cham, Switzerland: Springer; 2017.

[67]  Mayer KH, Grinsztejn B, El-Sadr WM. Transgender people and HIV prevention: what we know and what we need to know, a call to action. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016; 72 S207–9.
| Transgender people and HIV prevention: what we know and what we need to know, a call to action.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27429184PubMed |

[68]  MacCarthy S, Poteat T, Xia Z, Roque NL, Hyun Jin Kim A, Baral S, Reisner SL. Current research gaps: a global systematic review of HIV and sexually transmissible infections among transgender populations. Sex Health 2017; 14 456–68.
| Current research gaps: a global systematic review of HIV and sexually transmissible infections among transgender populations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29216970PubMed |

[69]  McNulty A, Bourne C. Transgender HIV and sexually transmissible infections. Sex Health 2017; 14 451–5.
| Transgender HIV and sexually transmissible infections.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28838351PubMed |

[70]  Reisner SL, White JM, Mayer KH, Mimiaga MJ. Sexual risk behaviors and psychosocial health concerns of female-to-male transgender men screening for STDs at an urban community health center. AIDS Care 2014; 26 857–64.
| Sexual risk behaviors and psychosocial health concerns of female-to-male transgender men screening for STDs at an urban community health center.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24206043PubMed |

[71]  Poteat T, Wirtz AL, Radix A, Borquez A, Silva-Santisteban A, Deutsch MB, et al HIV risk and preventive interventions in transgender women sex workers. Lancet 2015; 385 274–86.
| HIV risk and preventive interventions in transgender women sex workers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25059941PubMed |

[72]  Hiransuthikul A, Janamnuaysook R, Sungsing T, Jantarapakde J, Trachungthong D, Mills S, et al High burden of chlamydia and gonorrhoea in pharyngeal, rectal and urethral sites among Thai transgender women: implications for anatomical site selection for the screening of STI. Sex Transm Infect 2019;
| High burden of chlamydia and gonorrhoea in pharyngeal, rectal and urethral sites among Thai transgender women: implications for anatomical site selection for the screening of STI.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30982000PubMed |

[73]  Stephens SC, Bernstein KT, Philip SS. Male to female and female to male transgender persons have different sexual risk behaviors yet similar rates of STDs and HIV. AIDS Behav 2011; 15 683–6.
| Male to female and female to male transgender persons have different sexual risk behaviors yet similar rates of STDs and HIV.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20694509PubMed |

[74]  Pitasi MA, Kerani RP, Kohn R, Murphy RD, Pathela P, Schumacher CM, et al Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and human immunodeficiency virus infection among transgender women and transgender men attending clinics that provide sexually transmitted disease services in six US cities: results from the Sexually Transmitted Diseases Surveillance Network. Sex Transm Dis 2019; 46 112–7.
| Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and human immunodeficiency virus infection among transgender women and transgender men attending clinics that provide sexually transmitted disease services in six US cities: results from the Sexually Transmitted Diseases Surveillance Network.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30278030PubMed |

[75]  Allan–Blitz LT, Leon SR, Bristow CC, Konda KA, Vargas SK, Flores JA, Brown BJ, Caceres CF, Klausner JD. High prevalence of extra-genital chlamydial or gonococcal infections among men who have sex with men and transgender women in Lima, Peru. Int J STD AIDS 2017; 28 138–44.
| High prevalence of extra-genital chlamydial or gonococcal infections among men who have sex with men and transgender women in Lima, Peru.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26846151PubMed |

[76]  Veronese V, van Gemert C, Bulu S, Kwarteng T, Bergeri I, Badman S, Vella A, Stoové M. Sexually transmitted infections among transgender people and men who have sex with men in Port Vila, Vanuatu. Western Pac Surveill Response J 2015; 6 55–9.
| Sexually transmitted infections among transgender people and men who have sex with men in Port Vila, Vanuatu.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25960923PubMed |

[77]  Reisner SL, Vetters R, White JM, Cohen EL, LeClerc M, Zaslow S, Wolfrum S, Mimiaga MJ. Laboratory-confirmed HIV and sexually transmitted infection seropositivity and risk behavior among sexually active transgender patients at an adolescent and young adult urban community health center. AIDS Care 2015; 27 1031–6.
| Laboratory-confirmed HIV and sexually transmitted infection seropositivity and risk behavior among sexually active transgender patients at an adolescent and young adult urban community health center.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25790139PubMed |

[78]  Bellhouse C, Walker S, Fairley CK, Vodstrcil LA, Bradshaw CS, Chen MY, Chow EPF. Patterns of sexual behavior and sexual healthcare needs among transgender individuals in Melbourne, Australia, 2011–2014. Sex Transm Infect 2018; 94 212–5.
| 27686883PubMed |

[79]  Khan AA, Rehan N, Qayyum K, Khan A. Correlates and prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among Hijras (male transgenders) in Pakistan. Int J STD AIDS 2008; 19 817–20.
| Correlates and prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among Hijras (male transgenders) in Pakistan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19050211PubMed |

[80]  Furegato M, Chen Y, Mohammed H, Mercer CH, Savage EJ, Hughes G. Examining the role of socioeconomic deprivation in ethnic differences in sexually transmitted infection diagnosis rates in England: evidence from surveillance data. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144 3253–62.
| Examining the role of socioeconomic deprivation in ethnic differences in sexually transmitted infection diagnosis rates in England: evidence from surveillance data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27511704PubMed |

[81]  Paz-Bailey G, Morales-Miranda S, Jacobson JO, Gupta SK, Sabin K, Mendoza S, et al High rates of STD and sexual risk behaviors among Garífunas in Honduras. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 51 S26–34.
| High rates of STD and sexual risk behaviors among Garífunas in Honduras.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19384098PubMed |

[82]  The Kirby Institute. Bloodborne viral and sexually transmissible infections in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people: annual surveillance report 2017. Sydney: The Kirby Institute; 2017. Available online at: https://kirby.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/kirby/report/KirbyInst_Indigenous_ASR2017-compressed.pdf [verified 15 February 2019].

[83]  Ellen JM, Aral S, Madger LS. Do differences in sexual behaviors account for the racial/ethnic differences in adolescents’ self-reported history of a sexually transmitted disease? Sex Transm Dis 1998; 25 125–9.
| Do differences in sexual behaviors account for the racial/ethnic differences in adolescents’ self-reported history of a sexually transmitted disease?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 9524987PubMed |

[84]  Laumann EO, Youm Y. Racial/ethnic group differences in the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States: a network explanation. Sex Transm Dis 1999; 26 250–61.
| Racial/ethnic group differences in the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States: a network explanation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 10333277PubMed |

[85]  Hogben M, Leichliter JS. Social determinants and sexually transmitted disease disparities. Sex Transm Dis 2008; 35 S13–8.
| Social determinants and sexually transmitted disease disparities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18936725PubMed |

[86]  Adimora AA, Schoenbach VJ. Social context, sexual networks, and racial disparities in rates of sexually transmitted infections. J Infect Dis 2005; 191 S115–22.
| Social context, sexual networks, and racial disparities in rates of sexually transmitted infections.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15627221PubMed |

[87]  Rothstein R. The color of law: a forgotten history of how our government segregated America. New York: Liveright; 2017.

[88]  Parrish DD, Kent CK. Access to care issues for African American communities: implications for STD disparities. Sex Transm Dis 2008; 35 S19–22.
| Access to care issues for African American communities: implications for STD disparities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18946368PubMed |

[89]  Mohammed H, Blomquist P, Ogaz D, Duffell S, Furegato M, Checchi M, et al 100 years of STIs in the UK: a review of national surveillance data. Sex Transm Infect 2018; 94 553–8.
| 100 years of STIs in the UK: a review of national surveillance data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29654061PubMed |

[90]  Pérez-Escamilla R. Healthcare access among Latinos: implications for social and health care reform. J Hisp High Educ 2010; 9 43–60.
| Healthcare access among Latinos: implications for social and health care reform.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[91]  Berk ML, Schur CL. The effect of fear on access to care among undocumented Latino immigrants. J Immigr Health 2001; 3 151–6.
| The effect of fear on access to care among undocumented Latino immigrants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16228780PubMed |

[92]  Gracey M, King M. Indigenous health part 1: determinants and disease patterns. Lancet 2009; 374 65–75.
| Indigenous health part 1: determinants and disease patterns.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19577695PubMed |

[93]  King M, Smith A, Gracey M. Indigenous health part 2: the underlying causes of the health gap. Lancet 2009; 374 76–85.
| Indigenous health part 2: the underlying causes of the health gap.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19577696PubMed |

[94]  Arabena K. Addressing structural challenges for the sexual health and wellbeing of Indigenous women in Australia. Sex Transm Infect 2016; 92 88–9.
| Addressing structural challenges for the sexual health and wellbeing of Indigenous women in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26892927PubMed |

[95]  MacPhail C, McKay K. Social determinants in the sexual health of adolescent Aboriginal Australians: a systematic review. Health Soc Care Community 2018; 26 131–46.
| Social determinants in the sexual health of adolescent Aboriginal Australians: a systematic review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27125476PubMed |

[96]  Winscott M, Taylor M, Kenney K. Sexually transmitted diseases among American Indians in Arizona: an important public health disparity. Public Health Rep 2010; 125 51–60.
| Sexually transmitted diseases among American Indians in Arizona: an important public health disparity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20626193PubMed |

[97]  de Ravello L, Jones SE, Tulloch S, Taylor M, Doshi S. Substance use and sexual risk behaviors among American Indian and Alaska Native high school students. J Sch Health 2014; 84 25–32.
| Substance use and sexual risk behaviors among American Indian and Alaska Native high school students.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24320149PubMed |

[98]  Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). UNAIDS Data 2017. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2017. Available online at: http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2017_data-book_en.pdf [verified 15 February 2019].

[99]  Mc Grath-Lone L, Marsh K, Hughes G, Ward H. The sexual health of female sex workers compared with other women in England: analysis of cross-sectional data from genitourinary medicine clinics. Sex Transm Infect 2014; 90 344–50.
| The sexual health of female sex workers compared with other women in England: analysis of cross-sectional data from genitourinary medicine clinics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24493858PubMed |

[100]  Béhanzin L, Diabeté S, Minani I, Boily M-C, Labbé A-C, Ahoussunou C, et al Decline in prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Benin over 15 years of targeted interventions. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 63 126–34.
| Decline in prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Benin over 15 years of targeted interventions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23337368PubMed |

[101]  Decker MR, Wirtz AL, Baral SD, Peryshkina A, Mogilnyi V, Weber RA, Stachowiak J, Go V, Beyrer C. Injection drug use, sexual risk, and STI/HIV among Moscow female sex workers. Sex Transm Infect 2012; 88 278–83.
| Injection drug use, sexual risk, and STI/HIV among Moscow female sex workers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22287530PubMed |

[102]  Wickersham JA, Gibson BA, Bazazi AR, Pillai V, Pedersen CJ, Meyer JP, et al Prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among cisgender and transgender women sex workers in Greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: results from a respondent-driven sampling study. Sex Transm Dis 2017; 44 663–70.
| Prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among cisgender and transgender women sex workers in Greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: results from a respondent-driven sampling study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28708696PubMed |

[103]  Lippman SA, Chinaglia M, Donini AA, Diaz J, Reingold A, Kerrigan DL. Findings from Encontros: a multilevel STI/HIV intervention to increase condom use, reduce STI, and change the social environment among sex workers in Brazil. Sex Transm Dis 2012; 39 209–16.
| Findings from Encontros: a multilevel STI/HIV intervention to increase condom use, reduce STI, and change the social environment among sex workers in Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22337108PubMed |

[104]  Callander D, McManus H, Guy R, Hellard M, O’Connor CC, Fairley CK, et al Rising chlamydia and gonorrhoea incidence and associated risk factors among female sex workers in Australia: a retrospective cohort study. Sex Transm Dis 2018; 45 199–206.
| Rising chlamydia and gonorrhoea incidence and associated risk factors among female sex workers in Australia: a retrospective cohort study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29420449PubMed |

[105]  Ohnishi M, Saika T, Hoshina S, Iwasaku K, Nakayama S, Watanbe H, Kitawaki J. Ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17 148–9.
| Ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Japan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21192886PubMed |

[106]  Katz AR, Komeya AY, Kirkcaldy RD, Whelen AC, Soge OO, Papp JR, et al Cluster of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with high-level azithromycin resistance and decreased ceftriaxone susceptibility, Hawaii, 2016. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 65 918–23.
| Cluster of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with high-level azithromycin resistance and decreased ceftriaxone susceptibility, Hawaii, 2016.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28549097PubMed |

[107]  Mor Z, Dan M. Knowledge, attitudes, sexual practices and STI/HIV prevalence in male sex workers and other men who have sex in Tel Aviv, Israel: a cross-sectional study. Sex Transm Infect 2012; 88 574–80.
| Knowledge, attitudes, sexual practices and STI/HIV prevalence in male sex workers and other men who have sex in Tel Aviv, Israel: a cross-sectional study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22750885PubMed |

[108]  Narayanan P, Das A, Morineau G, Prabhakar P, Deshpande GR, Gangakhedkar R, Risbud A. An exploration of elevated HIV and STI risk among male sex workers from India. BMC Public Health 2013; 13 1059
| An exploration of elevated HIV and STI risk among male sex workers from India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24209579PubMed |

[109]  Vuylsteke B, Semde G, Sika L, Crucitti T, Traore VE, Buve A, Laga M. High prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among male sex workers in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire: need for services tailored to their needs. Sex Transm Infect 2012; 88 288–93.
| High prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among male sex workers in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire: need for services tailored to their needs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22328644PubMed |

[110]  Mc Grath-Lone L, Marsh K, Hughes G, Ward H. The sexual health of male sex workers in England: analysis of cross-sectional data from genitourinary medicine clinics. Sex Transm Infect 2014; 90 38–40.
| The sexual health of male sex workers in England: analysis of cross-sectional data from genitourinary medicine clinics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24273126PubMed |

[111]  Biello KB, Thomas BE, Johnson BE, Closson EF, Navakodi P, Dhanalakshmi A, et al Transactional sex and the challenges to safer sexual behaviors: a study among male sex workers in Chennai, India. AIDS Care 2017; 29 231–8.
| Transactional sex and the challenges to safer sexual behaviors: a study among male sex workers in Chennai, India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27397549PubMed |

[112]  George PE, Bayer AM, Garcia PJ, Perez-Lu JE, Burke JG, Coates TJ, Gorbach PM. Is intimate partner and client violence associated with condomless anal intercourse and HIV among male sex workers in Lima, Peru? AIDS Behav 2016; 20 2078–89.
| Is intimate partner and client violence associated with condomless anal intercourse and HIV among male sex workers in Lima, Peru?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26880321PubMed |

[113]  Mutagoma M, Nyirazinyoye L, Sebuhoro D, Riedel DJ, Ntaganira J. Sexual and physical violence and associated factors among female sex workers in Rwanda: a cross-sectional survey. Int J STD AIDS 2019; 30 241–8. .
| 30392461PubMed |

[114]  Mutagoma M, Nyirazinyoye L, Sebuhoro D, Riedel DJ, Ntaganira J. Sexual risk behaviors and practices of female sex workers in Rwanda in over a decade, 2006–2015. Int J STD AIDS 2018; 29 1316–23.
| Sexual risk behaviors and practices of female sex workers in Rwanda in over a decade, 2006–2015.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30049257PubMed |

[115]  Semple SJ, Pitpitan EV, Chavarin CV, Strathdee SA, Mendoza DV, Aarons GA, Patterson TL. Correlates of unprotected sex with male clients among female sex workers in 13 Mexican cities. Glob Public Health 2017; 12 1538–52.
| Correlates of unprotected sex with male clients among female sex workers in 13 Mexican cities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27416059PubMed |

[116]  Slabbert M, Venter F, Gay C, Roelofsen C, Lalla-Edward S, Rees H. Sexual and reproductive health outcomes among female sex workers in Johannesburg and Pretoria, South Africa: recommendations for public health programmes. BMC Public Health 2017; 17 442
| Sexual and reproductive health outcomes among female sex workers in Johannesburg and Pretoria, South Africa: recommendations for public health programmes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28832290PubMed |

[117]  Carrasco MA, Nguyen TQ, Barrington C, Perez M, Donastorg Y, Kerrigan D. HIV stigma mediates the association between social cohesion and consistent condom use among female sex workers living with HIV in the Dominican Republic. Arch Sex Behav 2018; 47 1529–39.
| HIV stigma mediates the association between social cohesion and consistent condom use among female sex workers living with HIV in the Dominican Republic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29687290PubMed |

[118]  Shokoohi M, Karamouzian M, Bauer GR, Sharifi H, Hooshyar SH, Mirzazadeh A. Drug use patterns and associated factors among female sex workers in Iran. Addict Behav 2019; 90 40–7.
| Drug use patterns and associated factors among female sex workers in Iran.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30355536PubMed |

[119]  Li J, Gong X-d, Yue X, Jiang N. Dual epidemics of club drug use and sexually transmitted infections among Chinese female sex workers: new challenges in STI prevention. BioMed Res Intern 2017; 1–7 2093421

[120]  Budhwani H, Hearld KR, Hasbun J, Charow R, Tillotson L, McGlaughlin E, Waters J. Transgender female sex workers’ HIV knowledge, experienced stigma, and condom use in the Dominican Republic. PLoS One 2017; 12 e0186457
| Transgender female sex workers’ HIV knowledge, experienced stigma, and condom use in the Dominican Republic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29095843PubMed |

[121]  World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). Annual report 2016. Madrid: UNWTO; 2017.

[122]  Svensson P, Sundbeck M, Persson KI, Stafstrom M, Ostergren PO, Mannheimer L, et al A meta-analysis and systematic literature review of factors associated with sexual risk-taking during international travel. Travel Med Infect Dis 2018; 24 65–88.
| A meta-analysis and systematic literature review of factors associated with sexual risk-taking during international travel.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29567294PubMed |

[123]  Beauté J, Cowan S, Hiltunen-Back E, Kløvstad H, Velicko I, Spiteri G. Travel-associated gonorrhea in four Nordic countries, 2008 to 2013. Euro Surveill 2017; 22 30537
| 28537548PubMed |

[124]  Phillips I. Beta-lactamase-producing, penicillin-resistant gonococcus. Lancet 1976; 308 656–7.
| Beta-lactamase-producing, penicillin-resistant gonococcus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[125]  Ashford WA, Golash RG, Hemming VG. Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Lancet 1976; 308 657–8.
| Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[126]  Ferine PL, Morton RS, Piot P, Siegel MS, Antal GM. Epidemiology and treatment of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Sex Transm Dis 1979; 6 152–8.
| Epidemiology and treatment of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[127]  Kam KM, Lo KK, Ho NK, Cheung MM. Rapid decline in penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Hong Kong associated with emerging 4-fluoroquinolone resistance. Genitourin Med 1995; 71 141–4.
| 7635487PubMed |

[128]  Kam KM, Wong PW, Cheung MM, Ho NK. Detection of quinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34 1462–4.
| 8735098PubMed |

[129]  Tapsall JW, Phillips EA, Schultz TR, Thacker C. Quinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Sydney, Australia, 1991–1995. Sex Transm Dis 1996; 23 425–8.
| Quinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Sydney, Australia, 1991–1995.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 8885076PubMed |

[130]  Knapp JS, Ohye R, Neal SW, Parekh MC, Higa H, Rice RJ. Emerging in vitro resistance to quinolones in penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains in Hawaii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38 2200–3.
| Emerging in vitro resistance to quinolones in penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains in Hawaii.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 7811047PubMed |

[131]  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Increases in fluoroquinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae—Hawaii and California, 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002; 51 1041–4.
| 12487525PubMed |

[132]  Newman LM, Wang SA, Ohye RG, O’Connor N, Lee MV, Weinstock HW. The epidemiology of fluoroquinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Hawaii, 2001. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38 649–54.
| The epidemiology of fluoroquinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Hawaii, 2001.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 14986248PubMed |

[133]  Yokoi S, Deguchi T, Ozawa T, Yasuda M, Ito S, Kubota Y, et al Threat to cefixime treatment for gonorrhea. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13 1275–77.
| 17953118PubMed |

[134]  Wang SA, Lee MVC, O’Connor N, Iverson CJ, Ohye RG, Whiticar PM, et al Multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility to cefixime—Hawaii, 2001. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37 849–52.
| Multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility to cefixime—Hawaii, 2001.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12955650PubMed |

[135]  Unemo M, Golparian D, Syversen G, Vestrheim DF, Moi H. Two cases of verified clinical failures using internationally recommended first-line cefixime for gonorrhoea treatment, Norway, 2010. Euro Surveill 2010; 15 pii=19721
| Two cases of verified clinical failures using internationally recommended first-line cefixime for gonorrhoea treatment, Norway, 2010.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21144442PubMed |

[136]  Allen VG, Mitterni L, Seah C, Rebbapragada A, Martin IE, Lee C, et al Neisseria gonorrhoeae treatment failure and susceptibility to cefixime in Toronto, Canada. JAMA 2013; 309 163–70.
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae treatment failure and susceptibility to cefixime in Toronto, Canada.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23299608PubMed |

[137]  Lewis DA, Sriruttan C, Müller EE, Golparian D, Gumede L, Fick D, et al Phenotypic and genetic characterization of the first two cases of extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in South Africa and association with cefixime treatment failure. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68 1267–70.
| Phenotypic and genetic characterization of the first two cases of extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in South Africa and association with cefixime treatment failure.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23416957PubMed |

[138]  Fifer H, Natarajan U, Jones L, Alexander S, Hughes G, Golparian D, Unemo M. Failure of dual antimicrobial therapy in treatment of gonorrhea. N Engl J Med 2016; 374 2504–6.
| Failure of dual antimicrobial therapy in treatment of gonorrhea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27332921PubMed |

[139]  Public Health England. Multi-drug resistant gonorrhoea in England: 2018. London: Public Health England; 2018. Available online at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/multi-drug-resistant-gonorrhoea-in-england-2018 [verified 10 May 2019].

[140]  Australian Government Department of Health. Multi-drug resistant gonorrhoea (Media statement, 17 April 2018). Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia; 2018. Available online at: https://www.health.gov.au/news/multi-drug-resistant-gonorrhoea [verified 12 August 2019].

[141]  Eyre DW, Town K, Street T, Barker L, Sanderson N, Cole MJ, et al Detection in the United Kingdom of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae FC428 clone, with ceftriaxone resistance and intermediate resistance to azithromycin, October to December 2018. Euro Surveill 2019; 24 pii=1900147
| Detection in the United Kingdom of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae FC428 clone, with ceftriaxone resistance and intermediate resistance to azithromycin, October to December 2018.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30862336PubMed |