Considerations in the protection of marsupial gliders and other mature-forest dependent fauna in areas of intensive logging in the tall forests of Victoria, Australia
Grant W. Wardell-Johnson![https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6751-9224](/media/client/orcid_16x16.png)
A Centre for Mine Site Restoration and School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
B School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U 1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
Pacific Conservation Biology 29(5) 369-386 https://doi.org/10.1071/PC22023
Submitted: 26 June 2022 Accepted: 12 September 2022 Published: 20 October 2022
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
Context: The tall forests of Victoria, Australia, which are available for logging, are foreshadowed to be converted from mature forest to hostile environments for mature-forest dependent species by 2030. This has occurred within a 60-year time-frame since the advent of industrial-scale logging in the region. In this light, Protection Areas (PAs) of approximately 100 ha have been implemented to protect habitat with high density populations of Yellow-bellied Gliders (Petaurus australis) and Southern Greater Gliders (Petauroides volans).
Aims and methods: Ten considerations are provided to guide location and design of PAs, and to provide set asides and other forms of protection for mature-forest dependent species in the context of the temporal and spatial scale of logging activity.
Key results: Considerations are grouped into Overall approach (precautionary), Survey records and habitat attributes (occurrence, habitat, vegetation types), Size and shape considerations (edge and fragmentation effects); Management history (logging and fire), and Boundary considerations (context and conditions). In addition, set asides encompassing home ranges; and high levels of basal area retention, are also required in the remainder of planned logging coupes.
Conclusions: Addressing these considerations in PAs, in set asides and in retention will provide some protection for mature-forest dependent species, but will be insufficient without ecologically sustainable forest management at the coupe level, for the sustained yield of all habitat components of these forests.
Implications: The conservation of mature-forest dependent species in the context of an ongoing timber industry requires logging return times well beyond current expectations, resulting in a substantial reduction in resource commitment to industry.
Keywords: ecologically sustainable forest management, hostile environments, intense wildfire, intensive logging, mature-forest dependent species, protection areas, Southern Greater Glider, tall eucalypt forest, Yellow-bellied Glider.
References
Abbott, I, and Christensen, P (1994). Application of ecological and evolutionary principles to forest management in Western Australia. Australian Forestry 57, 109–122.| Application of ecological and evolutionary principles to forest management in Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Abbott, I, and Christensen, P (1996). Objective knowledge, ideology and the forests of Western Australia. Australian Forestry 59, 206–212.
| Objective knowledge, ideology and the forests of Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Armstrong, AH, Huth, A, Osmanoglu, B, Sun, G, Ranson, KJ, and Fischer, R (2020). A multi-scaled analysis of forest structure using individual-based modeling in a costa rican rainforest. Ecological Modelling 433, 109226.
| A multi-scaled analysis of forest structure using individual-based modeling in a costa rican rainforest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ashman, KR, Darcy, AE, Watchorn, J, Lindenmayer, DB, and Taylor, MFJ (2022). Is Australia’s environmental legislation protecting threatened species? A case study of the national listing of the greater glider. Pacific Conservation Biology 28, 277–289.
| Is Australia’s environmental legislation protecting threatened species? A case study of the national listing of the greater glider.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Attiwill, PM, Ryan, MF, Burrows, N, Cheney, NP, McCaw, L, Neyland, M, and Read, S (2014). Timber harvesting does not increase fire risk and severity in wet eucalypt forests of Southern Australia. Conservation Letters 7, 341–354.
| Timber harvesting does not increase fire risk and severity in wet eucalypt forests of Southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Au, J, Clark, RG, Allen, C, Marsha, KJ, Foley, WJ, and Youngentob, KN (2019). A nutritional mechanism underpinning folivore occurrence in disturbed forests. Forest Ecology and Management 453, 117585.
| A nutritional mechanism underpinning folivore occurrence in disturbed forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Batavia, C, and Nelson, MP (2016). Conceptual ambiguities and practical challenges of ecological forestry: a critical review. Journal of Forestry 114, 572–581.
| Conceptual ambiguities and practical challenges of ecological forestry: a critical review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Berry, LE, Driscoll, DA, Banks, SC, and Lindenmayer, DB (2015). The use of topographic fire refuges by the greater glider (Petauroides volans) and the mountain brushtail possum (Trichosurus cunninghami) following a landscape-scale fire. Australian Mammalogy 37, 39–45.
| The use of topographic fire refuges by the greater glider (Petauroides volans) and the mountain brushtail possum (Trichosurus cunninghami) following a landscape-scale fire.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bilney, RJ, Kambouris, PJ, Peterie, J, Dunne, C, Makeham, K, Kavanagh, RP, Gonsalves, L, and Law, B (2022). Long-term monitoring of an endangered population of Yellow-bellied Glider Petaurus australis on the Bago Plateau, New South Wales, and its response to wildfires and timber harvesting in a changing climate. Australian Zoologist 42, 592–607.
| Long-term monitoring of an endangered population of Yellow-bellied Glider Petaurus australis on the Bago Plateau, New South Wales, and its response to wildfires and timber harvesting in a changing climate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bowman, DMJS, Murphy, BP, Neyland, DLJ, Williamson, GJ, and Prior, LD (2014). Abrupt fire regime change may cause landscape-wide loss of mature obligate seeder forests. Global Change Biology 20, 1008–1015.
| Abrupt fire regime change may cause landscape-wide loss of mature obligate seeder forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bowman, DMJS, Williamson, GJ, Gibson, RK, Bradstock, RA, and Keenan, RJ (2021). The severity and extent of the Australia 2019–20, Eucalyptus forest fires are not the legacy of forest management. Nature, Ecology and Evolution 5, 1003–1010.
| The severity and extent of the Australia 2019–20, Eucalyptus forest fires are not the legacy of forest management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bradshaw, FJ, and Rayner, ME (1997). Age structure of the karri forest: 1. Defining and mapping structural development stages. Australian Forestry 60, 178–187.
| Age structure of the karri forest: 1. Defining and mapping structural development stages.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Braithwaite, LW, Turner, J, and Kelly, J (1984). Studies on the Arboreal Marsupial Fauna of eucalypt forests being harvested for wood pulp at eden, N.s.w. Iii. Relationships between faunal densities, eucalypt occurrence and foliage nutrients, and soil parent materials. Australian Wildlife Research 11, 41–48.
| Studies on the Arboreal Marsupial Fauna of eucalypt forests being harvested for wood pulp at eden, N.s.w. Iii. Relationships between faunal densities, eucalypt occurrence and foliage nutrients, and soil parent materials.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brown G, Loyn R, MacHunter J, Lumsden L (2011) Approved Survey Standards: Yellow-bellied Glider Petaurus australis. 2 May 2011. Version 1.0. The Department of Sustainability and Environment.
Calver M, Wardell-Johnson G (2004) Sustained unsustainability? An evaluation of evidence for a history of overcutting in the jarrah forests of Western Australia and its consequences for fauna conservation. In ‘Conservation of Australia’s forest fauna’. (Ed. D Lunney) pp. 94–114. (Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales: Sydney)
Calver, MC, Hobbs, RJ, Horwitz, P, and Main, AR (1996). Science, principles and forest management: a response to Abbott and Christensen. Australian Forestry 59, 1–6.
| Science, principles and forest management: a response to Abbott and Christensen.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Calver, MC, Dickman, CR, Feller, MC, Hobbs, RJ, Horwitz, P, Recher, HF, and Wardell-Johnson, G (1998). Towards resolving conflict between forestry and conservation in Western Australia. Australian Forestry 61, 258–266.
| Towards resolving conflict between forestry and conservation in Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Calver, MC, Grayson, J, Lilith, M, and Dickman, CR (2011). Applying the precautionary principle to the issue of impacts by pet cats on urban wildlife. Biological Conservation 144, 1895–1901.
| Applying the precautionary principle to the issue of impacts by pet cats on urban wildlife.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chia, EK, Bassett, M, Nimmo, DG, Leonard, SWJ, Ritchie, EG, Clarke, MF, and Bennett, AF (2015). Fire severity and fire-induced landscape heterogeneity affect arboreal mammals in fire-prone forests. Ecosphere 6, 190.
| Fire severity and fire-induced landscape heterogeneity affect arboreal mammals in fire-prone forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chick R, Cripps J, Durkn L, Nelson J, Molloy J, Edmonds M (2020) Forest Protection Survey Program Survey Guideline – Spotlighting and Call Playback (V4.1). Department of Land, Water and Planning, Victoria State Government.
Comport, SS, Ward, SJ, and Foley, WJ (1996). Home ranges, time budgets and food-tree use in a high-density tropical population of greater gliders, Petauroides volans minor (Pseudocheiridae: Marsupialia). Wildlife Research 23, 401–419.
| Home ranges, time budgets and food-tree use in a high-density tropical population of greater gliders, Petauroides volans minor (Pseudocheiridae: Marsupialia).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cripps, JK, Nelson, JL, Scroggie, MP, Durkin, LK, Ramsey, DSL, and Lumsden, LF (2021). Double-observer distance sampling improves the accuracy of density estimates for a threatened arboreal mammal. Wildlife Research 48, 756–768.
| Double-observer distance sampling improves the accuracy of density estimates for a threatened arboreal mammal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cronin L (2008) ‘Cronin’s key guide australian mammals.’ (Allen and Unwin: Sydney)
Crooks, KR, Burdett, CL, Theobald, DM, King, SRB, Di Marco, M, Rondinini, C, and Boitani, L (2017). Quantification of habitat fragmentation reveals extinction risk in terrestrial mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114, 7635–7640.
| Quantification of habitat fragmentation reveals extinction risk in terrestrial mammals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dargavel J (1995) ‘Fashioning Australia’s forests.’ (Oxford University Press: Melbourne)
Davey SM (1984) Habitat preference of arboreal marsupials within a coastal forest in southern New South Wales. In ‘Possums and Gliders’. (Eds AP Smith, ID Hume) pp. 509–516. (Australian Mammal Society: Sydney)
Dean, C, and Wardell-Johnson, G (2010). Old-growth forests, carbon and climate change: functions and management for tall open-forests in two hotspots of temperate Australia. Plant Biosystems 144, 180–193.
| Old-growth forests, carbon and climate change: functions and management for tall open-forests in two hotspots of temperate Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dean, C, Wardell-Johnson, GW, and Kirkpatrick, JD (2012). Are there any circumstances in which logging primary wet-eucalypt forest will not add to the global carbon burden? Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 161, 156–169.
| Are there any circumstances in which logging primary wet-eucalypt forest will not add to the global carbon burden?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (2019) ‘Greater Glider (Petaurodes volans subsp. volans) Action Statement No. 267. Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988.’ (Victorian Government: Melbourne) ISBN 978-1-76077-268-0.
Department of Environment and Primary Industries (2014) ‘Management Standards and Procedures for timber harvesting operations in Victoria’s State forests.’ (Victorian Government: Melbourne)
Department of Environment and Primary Industries (2021) ‘Management Standards and Procedures for timber harvesting operations in Victoria’s State forests.’ (Victorian Government: Melbourne)
Deville A, Harding R (1997) ‘Applying the precautionary principle.’ (The Federation Press: Sydney)
Dinerstein, E, Joshi, AR, Vynne, C, Lee, ATL, Pharand-Deschênesm, F, França, M, Fernando, F, Birch, T, Burkart, K, Asner, GP, and Olson, D (2020). A “Global Safety Net” to reverse biodiversity loss and stabilize Earth’s climate. Science Advances 6, eabb2824.
| A “Global Safety Net” to reverse biodiversity loss and stabilize Earth’s climate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Environmental Protection Authority (2021) EPA780. Yambulla State Forest - Yellow-bellied Glider. Population Viability Analysis. Unpublished report. New South Wales Government, Sydney.
Eyre, TJ, and Goldingay, RL (2003). Use of sap trees by the yellow-bellied glider near Maryborough, south-east Queensland. Wildlife Research 30, 229–236.
| Use of sap trees by the yellow-bellied glider near Maryborough, south-east Queensland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Eyre, TJ, and Goldingay, RL (2005). Characteristics of sap trees used by yellow-bellied gliders in southern Queensland. Wildlife Research 32, 23–35.
| Characteristics of sap trees used by yellow-bellied gliders in southern Queensland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fahrig, L (2003). Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 34, 487–515.
| Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
FAO (2016) ‘State of the World’s Forests 2016: Forests and Agriculture: land-use challenges and opportunities.’ (Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations: Rome)
Fischer, J, and Lindenmayer, DB (2007). Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation: a synthesis. Global Ecology and Biogeography 16, 265–280.
| Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation: a synthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Forestry Corporation (2005–2019) Biomaterial reports (2005–2019). Forestry Corporation of New South Wales, Sydney.
Furlaud, JM, Prior, LD, Williamson, GJ, and Bowman, DMJS (2021). Fire risk and severity decline with stand development in Tasmanian giant Eucalyptus forest. Forest Ecology and Management 502, 119724.
| Fire risk and severity decline with stand development in Tasmanian giant Eucalyptus forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Garnaut R (2008) ‘The Garnaut climate change review.’ (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge)
Gibbons P, Lindenmayer DB (2002) ‘Tree hollows and wildlife conservation in Australia.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood)
Goldingay RL, Kavanagh RP (1991) The Yellow-bellied Glider: a review of its ecology and management considerations. In ‘Conservation of Australia’s forest fauna’. (Ed. D Lunney) pp. 365–375. (Royal Zoological Society of NSW: Sydney)
Graziano, MP, Deguire, AK, and Surasinghe, TD (2022). Riparian buffers as a critical landscape feature: insights for riverscape conservation and policy renovations. Diversity 14, 172.
| Riparian buffers as a critical landscape feature: insights for riverscape conservation and policy renovations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harding R, Fisher L (1994) The precautionary principle in Australia. In ‘Interpreting the precautionary principle’. (Eds T O’Riordan, J Cameron) pp. 252–261. (Earthscan Publications Ltd.: London)
Hilborn, R, Walters, CJ, and Ludwig, D (1995). Sustainable exploitation of renewable resources. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 26, 45–67.
| Sustainable exploitation of renewable resources.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Holt, SJ, and Talbot, LM (1978). New principles for the conservation of wild living resources. Wildlife Monographs 59, 3–33.
Hughes L (2007) ‘Greater glider (Petaurodes volans) population in the Eurobodalla local government area – endangered population listing.’ (NSW Scientific Committee – final determination: Sydney)
Incoll, RD, Loyn, RH, Ward, SJ, Cunningham, RB, and Donnelly, CF (2001). The occurrence of gliding possums in old-growth forest patches of mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans) in the Central Highlands of Victoria. Biological Conservation 98, 77–88.
| The occurrence of gliding possums in old-growth forest patches of mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans) in the Central Highlands of Victoria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
IPCC (2022) Climate change 2022: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Available at https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-ii/
Jacobs MR (1955) ‘Growth habits of the Eucalypts.’ (Forestry and Timber Bureau, Department of the Interior: Canberra)
JANIS (1997) Nationally agreed criteria for the establishment of a comprehensive, adequate and representative reserve system for forests in Australia. A joint ANZECC/MCFFA National Forest Policy Statement Implementation Sub-committee (JANIS) report. JANIS.
Karna, YK, Penman, TD, Aponte, C, and Bennett, LT (2019). Assessing legacy effects of wildfires on the crown structure of fire-tolerant Eucalypt trees using airborne LiDAR data. Remote Sensing 11, 2433.
| Assessing legacy effects of wildfires on the crown structure of fire-tolerant Eucalypt trees using airborne LiDAR data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kavanagh, RP (1988). The impact of predation by the powerful owl, Ninox strenua, on a population of the greater glider, Petauroides volans. Australian Journal of Ecology 13, 445–450.
| The impact of predation by the powerful owl, Ninox strenua, on a population of the greater glider, Petauroides volans.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kavanagh RP (1991) The target species approach to wildlife management: gliders and owls in the forests of southeastern New South Wales. In ‘Conservation of Australia’s forest fauna’. (Ed. D Lunney) pp. 377–383. (Royal Zoological Society of NSW: Sydney)
Kavanagh, RP (2000). Effects of variable-intensity logging and the influence of habitat variables on the distribution of the Greater Glider Peturoides volans in montane forest, southeastern New South Wales. Pacific Conservation Biology 6, 18–30.
| Effects of variable-intensity logging and the influence of habitat variables on the distribution of the Greater Glider Peturoides volans in montane forest, southeastern New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kavanagh, RP, and Lambert, MJ (1990). Food selection by the Greater Glider, Petauroides-volans- is foliar nitrogen a determinant of habitat quality? Australian Wildlife Research 17, 285–300.
| Food selection by the Greater Glider, Petauroides-volans- is foliar nitrogen a determinant of habitat quality?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kavanagh, R, and Rohan-Jones, WG (1982). Calling behaviour of the yellow-bellied glider, Petaurus australis Shaw (Marsupialia: Petauridae). Australian Mammalogy 5, 95–112.
Kavanagh, RP, and Webb, GA (1998). Effects of variable-intensity logging on mammals, reptiles and amphibians at Waratah Creek, southeastern New South Wales. Pacific Conservation Biology 4, 326–347.
| Effects of variable-intensity logging on mammals, reptiles and amphibians at Waratah Creek, southeastern New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kavanagh RP, Wheeler RJ (2004) Home-range of the greater glider Petauroides volans in tall montane forest of southeastern New South Wales, and changes following logging. In ‘The biology of possums and gliders’. (Eds RL Goldingay, SM Jackson) pp. 413–425. (Surrey Beatty and Sons: Chipping Norton)
Kavanagh, RP, Debus, S, Tweedie, T, and Webster, R (1995). Distribution of nocturnal forest birds and mammals in north-eastern New South Wales: relationships with environmental variables and management history. Wildlife Research 22, 359–377.
| Distribution of nocturnal forest birds and mammals in north-eastern New South Wales: relationships with environmental variables and management history.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kavanagh RP, Loyn RH, Smith GC, Taylor RJ, Catling PC (2004) Which species should be monitored to indicate ecological sustainability in Australian forest management? In ‘Conservation of Australia’s forest fauna’. (Ed. D Lunney) pp. 959–987. (Royal Zoological Society of NSW: Mosman) https://doi.org/10.7882/FS.2004.959
Lefoe, M, Rendall, AR, McKinnon, F, and Whisson, DA (2022). Logging and wildfire limit the distribution of a vulnerable arboreal mammal. Forest Ecology and Management 503, 119773.
| Logging and wildfire limit the distribution of a vulnerable arboreal mammal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindenmayer, D, and Burnett, P (2021). Biodiversity in court: will the Regional Forest Agreements (RFAs) make the EPBC Act irrelevant? Pacific Conservation Biology 28, 393–397.
| Biodiversity in court: will the Regional Forest Agreements (RFAs) make the EPBC Act irrelevant?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindenmayer DB, Franklin JF (2002) ‘Conserving forest biodiversity: a comprehensive multiscaled approach.’ (Island press)
Lindenmayer, DB, and McCarthy, MA (2002). Congruence between natural and human forest disturbance: a case study from Australian montane ash forests. Forest Ecology and Management 155, 319–335.
| Congruence between natural and human forest disturbance: a case study from Australian montane ash forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindenmayer, DB, and Nix, HA (1993). Ecological principles for the design of wildlife corridors. Conservation Biology 7, 627–631.
| Ecological principles for the design of wildlife corridors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindenmayer, D, and Taylor, C (2020). Extensive recent wildfires demand more stringent protection of critical old growth forest. Pacific Conservation Biology 26, 384–394.
| Extensive recent wildfires demand more stringent protection of critical old growth forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindenmayer, DB, Cunningham, RB, Tanton, MT, Smith, AP, and Nix, HA (1990). Habitat requirements of the mountain brushtail possum and the greater glider in the montane ash-type eucalypt forests of the central highlands of Victoria. Australian Wildlife Research 17, 467–478.
| Habitat requirements of the mountain brushtail possum and the greater glider in the montane ash-type eucalypt forests of the central highlands of Victoria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindenmayer, DB, Cunningham, RB, and Donnelly, CF (1993). The conservation of arboreal marsupials in the montane ash forests of the central highlands of Victoria, South-east Australia, IV. The presence and abundance of Arboreal marsupials in retained linear habitats (wildlife corridors) within logged forest. Biological Conservation 66, 207–221.
| The conservation of arboreal marsupials in the montane ash forests of the central highlands of Victoria, South-east Australia, IV. The presence and abundance of Arboreal marsupials in retained linear habitats (wildlife corridors) within logged forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindenmayer, DB, Margules, CR, and Botkin, DB (2000). Indicators of biodiversity for ecologically sustainable forest management. Conservation Biology 14, 941–950.
| Indicators of biodiversity for ecologically sustainable forest management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindenmayer, DB, Pope, ML, and Cunningham, RB (2004). Patch use by the greater glider (Petauroides volans) in a fragmented forest ecosystem. II. Characteristics of den trees and preliminary data on den-use patterns. Wildlife Research 31, 569–577.
| Patch use by the greater glider (Petauroides volans) in a fragmented forest ecosystem. II. Characteristics of den trees and preliminary data on den-use patterns.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindenmayer, DB, Hobbs, RJ, Likens, GE, Krebs, CJ, and Banks, SC (2011a). Newly discovered landscape traps produce regime shifts in wet forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108, 15887–15891.
Lindenmayer, DB, Wood, JT, McBurney, L, MacGregor, C, Youngentob, K, and Banks, SC (2011b). How to make a common species rare: a case against conservation complacency. Biological Conservation 144, 1663–1672.
| How to make a common species rare: a case against conservation complacency.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindenmayer DB, Burton PJ, Franklin JF (2012a) ‘Salvage logging and its ecological consequences.’ (Island Press)
Lindenmayer, DB, Franklin, JF, Lõhmus, A, Baker, SC, Bauhus, J, Beese, W, Brodie, A, Kiehl, B, Kouki, J, Martínez Pastur, G, Messier, C, Neyland, M, Palik, B, Sverdrup-Thygeson, A, Volney, J, Wayne, A, and Gustafsson, L (2012b). A major shift to the retention approach for forestry can help resolve some global forest sustainability issues. Conservation letters 5, 421–431.
| A major shift to the retention approach for forestry can help resolve some global forest sustainability issues.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindenmayer, DB, Blanchard, W, McBurney, L, Blair, D, Banks, SC, Driscoll, D, Smith, AL, and Gill, AM (2013). Fire severity and landscape context effects on arboreal marsupials. Biological Conservation 167, 137–148.
| Fire severity and landscape context effects on arboreal marsupials.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindenmayer, DB, Blanchard, W, Blair, D, McBurney, L, and Banks, SC (2017). Relationships between tree size and occupancy by cavity-dependent arboreal marsupials. Forest Ecology and Management 391, 221–229.
| Relationships between tree size and occupancy by cavity-dependent arboreal marsupials.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindenmayer, DB, Blanchard, W, Blair, D, McBurney, L, Taylor, C, Scheele, BC, Westgate, MJ, Robinson, N, and Foster, C (2020). The response of arboreal marsupials to long-term changes in forest disturbance. Animal Conservation 24, 246–258.
| The response of arboreal marsupials to long-term changes in forest disturbance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindenmayer, D, Taylor, C, and Blanchard, W (2021). Empirical analyses of the factors influencing fire severity in southeastern Australia. Ecosphere 12, e03721.
| Empirical analyses of the factors influencing fire severity in southeastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindenmayer, DB, Bowd, EJ, Taylor, C, and Likens, GE (2022a). The interactions among fire, logging, and climate change have sprung a landscape trap in Victoria’s montane ash forests. Plant Ecology 223, 733–749.
| The interactions among fire, logging, and climate change have sprung a landscape trap in Victoria’s montane ash forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindenmayer, D, Blanchard, W, McBurney, L, Bowd, E, Youngentob, K, Marsh, K, and Taylor, C (2022b). Stand age related differences in forest microclimate. Forest Ecology and Management 510, 120101.
| Stand age related differences in forest microclimate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Loyn R (2004) Research for ecologically sustainable forest management in Victorian eucalypt forests. In ‘Conservation of Australia’s forest fauna’. (Ed. D Lunney) pp. 783–806. (Royal Zoological Society of NSW: Mosman)
Ludwig, D, Hilborn, R, and Walters, C (1993). Uncertainty, resource exploitation and conservation: lessons from history. Science 260, 17–36.
| Uncertainty, resource exploitation and conservation: lessons from history.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lunney, D (1987). Effects of logging, fire and drought on possums and gliders in the coastal forests near Bega, NSW. Australian Wildlife Research 14, 263–274.
| Effects of logging, fire and drought on possums and gliders in the coastal forests near Bega, NSW.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lunney D, Curtin AL, Ayers D, Cogger HG, Dickman CR, Maitz W, Law B, Fisher D (2000) The threatened and non-threatened native vertebrate fauna of New South Wales: status and ecological attributes. Environmental and Heritage Monograph Series No, 2000, 1–134.
Macfarlane, C, Bond, C, White, DA, Grigg, AH, Ogden, GN, and Silberstein, R (2010). Transpiration and hydraulic traits of old and regrowth eucalypt forest in southwestern Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 260, 96–105.
| Transpiration and hydraulic traits of old and regrowth eucalypt forest in southwestern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
MacHunter J, Brown G, Loyn R, Lumsden L (2011) Approved Survey Standards: Greater Glider Petauroides volans. v2 May 2011. Version 1.0. The Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.
Mackowski, CM (1986). Distribution, habitat and status of the Yellow-bellied Glider, Petaurus australis Shaw (Marsupialia: Petauridae) in northeastern New South Wales. Australian Mammalogy 9, 141–144.
Manning, AD, Fischer, J, and Lindenmayer, DB (2006). Scattered trees are keystone structures – implications for conservation. Biological Conservation 132, 311–321.
| Scattered trees are keystone structures – implications for conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McCarthy, M, and Lindenmayer, DB (1999). Incorporating metapopulation dynamics of Greater Gliders into reserve design in disturbed landscapes. Ecology 80, 651–667.
| Incorporating metapopulation dynamics of Greater Gliders into reserve design in disturbed landscapes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McCarthy, MA, and Lindenmayer, DB (2006). Conservation of the greater glider (Petauroides volans) in remnant native vegetation within exotic plantation forest. Animal Conservation 2, 203–209.
| Conservation of the greater glider (Petauroides volans) in remnant native vegetation within exotic plantation forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McComb, BC, and Cushman, SA (2020). Editorial: synergistic effects of pervasive stressors on ecosystems and biodiversity. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 8, 569997.
| Editorial: synergistic effects of pervasive stressors on ecosystems and biodiversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McGregor, DC, Padovan, A, Georges, A, Krockenberger, A, Yoon, H-J, and Youngentob, KN (2020). Genetic evidence supports three previously described species of greater glider, Petauroides volans, P. minor, and P. armillatus. Scientific Reports 10, 19284.
| Genetic evidence supports three previously described species of greater glider, Petauroides volans, P. minor, and P. armillatus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McLean, CM, Bradstock, R, Price, O, and Kavanagh, RP (2015). Tree hollows and forest stand structure in Australian warm temperate Eucalyptus forests are adversely affected by logging more than wildfire. Forest Ecology and Management 341, 37–44.
| Tree hollows and forest stand structure in Australian warm temperate Eucalyptus forests are adversely affected by logging more than wildfire.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McLean, CM, Kavanagh, RP, Penman, T, and Bradstock, R (2018). The threatened status of the hollow dependent arboreal marsupial, the Greater Glider (Petauroides volans), can be explained by impacts from wildfire and selective logging. Forest Ecology and Management 415–416, 19–25.
| The threatened status of the hollow dependent arboreal marsupial, the Greater Glider (Petauroides volans), can be explained by impacts from wildfire and selective logging.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Menkhorst PW (Ed.) (1995) ‘Mammals of Victoria: distribution, ecology and conservation.’ (Oxford University Press: Oxford)
Menkhorst P, Knight F (2001) ‘A field guide to the mammals of Australia.’ (Oxford University Press: Melbourne)
Milledge DR, Palmer CL, Nelson JL (1991) ‘Barometers of change’: the distribution of large forest owls and gliders in mountain ash forests of the central highlands and their potential as management indicators. In ‘Conservation of Australia’s forest fauna’. (Ed. D Lunney) pp. 53–65. (Royal Zoological Society of NSW: Mosman)
Nelson, JL, Cherry, KA, and Porter, KW (1996). The effect of edges on the distribution of arboreal marsupials in the ash forests of the Victorian Central Highlands. Australian Forestry 59, 189–198.
| The effect of edges on the distribution of arboreal marsupials in the ash forests of the Victorian Central Highlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Norris, C, Hobson, P, and Ibisch, P (2012). Microclimate and vegetation function as indicators of forest thermodynamic efficiency. Journal of Applied Ecology 49, 562–570.
| Microclimate and vegetation function as indicators of forest thermodynamic efficiency.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (2003) ‘Recovery plan for yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis).’ (NSW NPWS: Hurstville)
Office of the Conservation Regulator (2020) ‘Old growth forest identification: assessment tool.’ (Victorian Government: Melbourne)
Parliament of Victoria Legislative Council Environment and Planning Committee (2021) ‘Inquiry into ecosystem decline in Victoria. Volume 1, 2.’ (Victorian Government: Melbourne)
Pope, ML, Lindenmayer, DB, and Cunningham, RB (2004). Patch use by the greater glider (Petauroides volans) in a fragmented forest ecosystem. I. Home range size and movements. Wildlife Research 31, 559–568.
| Patch use by the greater glider (Petauroides volans) in a fragmented forest ecosystem. I. Home range size and movements.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Read, R, and O’Riordan, T (2017). The precautionary principle under fire, environment: science and policy for sustainable development. Environment 59, 4–15.
| The precautionary principle under fire, environment: science and policy for sustainable development.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Recher HF, Shields J, Kavanagh R, Webb G (1987) Retaining remnant mature forest for nature conservation at Eden, New South Wales: a review of theory and practice. In ‘Nature conservation: the role of remnants of native vegetation’. (Eds DA Saunders, GW Arnold, AA Burbidge, AJM Hopkins) pp. 177–194. (Surrey Beatty and Sons: Sydney)
Resource Assessment Commission (1991) ‘Forest and timber inquiry draft report Volume 1.’ (Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra)
Rich, BD (2014). The principles of future-proofing: a broader understanding of resiliency in the historic built environment. Preservation Education and Research 7, 33–52.
Routley R, Routley V (1974) The fight for the Forests: the takeover of Australian forests for pines, woodchips and intensive forestry. Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra.
Rübsamen, K, Hume, ID, Foley, WJ, and Rübsamen, U (1984). Implications of the large surface area to body mass ratio on the heat balance of the greater glider (Petauroides volans: Marsupialia). Journal of Comparative Physiology B 154, 105–111.
| Implications of the large surface area to body mass ratio on the heat balance of the greater glider (Petauroides volans: Marsupialia).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Russell R (1995) Yellow-bellied glider Petaurus australis. In ‘The mammals of Australia’. (Ed. R Strahan) pp. 226–228. (Reed Books: Sydney)
Saunders, DA, Hobbs, RJ, and Margules, CR (1991). Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: a review. Conservation Biology 5, 18–32.
| Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Slade, C, and Law, B (2017). The other half of the coastal State Forest estate in New South Wales; the value of informal forest reserves for conservation. Australian Zoologist 39, 359–370.
| The other half of the coastal State Forest estate in New South Wales; the value of informal forest reserves for conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Smith A (2020) Review of CIFOA mitigation conditions for timber harvesting in burnt landscapes. New South Wales Government, Sydney.
Smith, P, and Smith, J (2018). Decline of the greater glider (Petauroides volans) in the lower Blue Mountains, New South Wales. Australian Journal of Zoology 66, 103–114.
| Decline of the greater glider (Petauroides volans) in the lower Blue Mountains, New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Smith, GC, Mathieson, M, and Hogan, L (2007). Home range and habitat use of a low-density population of greater gliders, Petauroides volans (Pseudocheiridae: Marsupialia), in a hollow-limiting environment. Wildlife Research 34, 472–483.
| Home range and habitat use of a low-density population of greater gliders, Petauroides volans (Pseudocheiridae: Marsupialia), in a hollow-limiting environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Swann T, Browne B (2016) Barking up the wrong trees. WA’s Forest Products Commission (FPC) and the performance of its native forestry. Discussion paper. The Australia Institute, Sydney.
Taylor, C, and Lindenmayer, DB (2020). Temporal fragmentation of a critically endangered forest ecosystem. Austral Ecology 45, 340–354.
| Temporal fragmentation of a critically endangered forest ecosystem.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taylor, AC, Tyndale-Biscoe, H, and Lindenmayer, DB (2007). Unexpected persistence on habitat islands: genetic signatures reveal dispersal of a eucalypt-dependent marsupial through a hostile pine matrix. Molecular Ecology 16, 2655–2666.
| Unexpected persistence on habitat islands: genetic signatures reveal dispersal of a eucalypt-dependent marsupial through a hostile pine matrix.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taylor, C, McCarthy, MA, and Lindenmayer, DB (2014). Nonlinear effects of stand age on fire severity. Conservation Letters 7, 355–370.
| Nonlinear effects of stand age on fire severity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tyndale-Biscoe, CH, and Smith, RFC (1969). Studies on the marsupial glider, Schoinobates volans (Kerr): III. Response to habitat destruction. Journal of Animal Ecology 38, 651–659.
| Studies on the marsupial glider, Schoinobates volans (Kerr): III. Response to habitat destruction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
van der Ree, R, and Loyn, RH (2002). The influence of time since fire and distance from fire boundary on the distribution and abundance of arboreal marsupials in Eucalyptus regnans-dominated forest in the Central Highlands of Victoria. Wildlife Research 29, 151–158.
| The influence of time since fire and distance from fire boundary on the distribution and abundance of arboreal marsupials in Eucalyptus regnans-dominated forest in the Central Highlands of Victoria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
VEAC (Victorian Environmental Assessment Council) (2017). Fibre and wood supply Assessment Report April 2017. Victorian Environmental Assessment Council, Melbourne.
Wagner, B, Baker, PJ, Stewart, SB, Lumsden, LF, Nelson, JL, Cripps, JK, Durkin, LK, Scroggie, MP, and Nitschke, CR (2020). Climate change drives habitat contraction of a nocturnal arboreal marsupial at its physiological limits. Ecosphere 11, e03262.
| Climate change drives habitat contraction of a nocturnal arboreal marsupial at its physiological limits.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wagner, B, Baker, PJ, and Nitschke, CR (2021). The influence of spatial patterns in foraging habitat on the abundance and home range size of a vulnerable arboreal marsupial in southeast Australia. Conservation Science and Practice 3, e566.
| The influence of spatial patterns in foraging habitat on the abundance and home range size of a vulnerable arboreal marsupial in southeast Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ward, M, Tulloch, AIT, Radford, JQ, Williams, BA, Reside, AE, Macdonald, SA, Mayfield, HJ, Maron, M, Possingham, HP, Vine, SJ, O’Connor, JL, Massingham, EJ, Greenville, AC, Woinarski, JCZ, Garnett, ST, Lintermans, M, Scheele, BC, Carwardine, J, Nimmo, DG, Lindenmayer, DB, Kooyman, RM, Simmonds, JS, Sonter, LJ, and Watson, JEM (2020). Impact of 2019–2020 mega-fires on Australian fauna habitat. Nature Ecology & Evolution 4, 1321–1326.
| Impact of 2019–2020 mega-fires on Australian fauna habitat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wardell-Johnson GW, Roberts JD (1991) The survival status of the Geocrinia rosea (Anura: Myobatrachidae) complex in riparian corridors: biogeographic implications. In ‘Nature conservation 2: the role of corridors’. (Eds DA Saunders, RJ Hobbs) pp. 165–175. (Surrey Beatty and Sons: Sydney)
Wardell-Johnson G, McCaw WL, Maisey KG (1989) Critical data requirements for the effective management of fire on nature conservation lands in south-western Australia. In ‘Fire management on nature conservation lands. Occ. paper 1/89’. (Eds N Burrows, L McCaw, G Friend) (Department of Conservation and Land Management: Perth)
Wardell-Johnson G, Hewett PJ, Woods YC (1991) Retaining remnant mature forest for nature conservation: a review of the system of road, river and stream zones in the karri forest. In ‘Proceedings of a workshop on the redistribution of road, river and stream zones’. (Department of Conservation and Land Management: Perth)
Wardell-Johnson, GW, Keppel, G, and Sander, J (2011). Climate change impacts on the terrestrial biodiversity and carbon stocks of Oceania. Pacific Conservation Biology 17, 220–240.
| Climate change impacts on the terrestrial biodiversity and carbon stocks of Oceania.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wardell-Johnson G, Neldner J, Balmer J (2017) Chapter 12. Wet sclerophyll forests. In ‘Vegetation of Australia’. 3rd edn. (Ed. D Keith) pp. 281–313. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge)
Wardell-Johnson, G, Wardell-Johnson, A, Schultz, B, Dortch, J, Robinson, T, Collard, L, and Calver, M (2019). The contest for the tall forests of south-western Australia and the discourses of advocates. Pacific Conservation Biology 25, 70–71.
| The contest for the tall forests of south-western Australia and the discourses of advocates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Watson, JEM, Evans, T, Venter, O, Williams, B, Tulloch, A, Stewart, C, Thompson, I, Ray, JC, Murray, K, Salazar, A, McAlpine, C, Potapov, P, Walston, J, Robinson, JG, Painter, M, Wilkie, D, Filardi, C, Laurance, WF, Houghton, RA, Maxwell, S, Grantham, H, Samper, C, Wang, S, Laestadius, L, Runting, RK, Silva-Chávez, GA, Ervin, J, and Lindenmayer, D (2018). The exceptional value of intact forest ecosystems. Nature Ecology & Evolution 2, 599–610.
| The exceptional value of intact forest ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wilson, N, Cary, GJ, and Gibbons, P (2018). Relationships between mature trees and fire fuel hazard in Australian forest. International Journal of Wildland Fire 27, 353–362.
| Relationships between mature trees and fire fuel hazard in Australian forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wilson, N, Bradstock, R, and Bedward, M (2021). Comparing forest carbon stock losses between logging and wildfire in forests with contrasting responses to fire. Forest Ecology and Management 481, 118701.
| Comparing forest carbon stock losses between logging and wildfire in forests with contrasting responses to fire.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Woinarski J, Burbidge AA, Johnson CN (2016) Petaurus australis. In ‘IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. e.T16730A21959641’. Available at 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T16730A21959641.en.
Wormington, K, and Lamb, D (1999). Tree hollow development in wet and dry sclerophyll eucalypt forest in south-east Queensland, Australia. Australian Forestry 62, 336–345.
| Tree hollow development in wet and dry sclerophyll eucalypt forest in south-east Queensland, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Youngentob, KN, Wallis, IR, Lindenmayer, DB, Wood, JT, Pope, ML, and Foley, WJ (2011). Foliage chemistry influences tree choice and landscape use of a gliding marsupial folivore. Journal of Chemical Ecology 37, 71–84.
| Foliage chemistry influences tree choice and landscape use of a gliding marsupial folivore.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Youngentob, KN, Yoon, H-J, Coggan, N, and Lindenmayer, DB (2012). Edge effects influence competition dynamics: a case study of four sympatric arboreal marsupials. Biological Conservation 155, 68–76.
| Edge effects influence competition dynamics: a case study of four sympatric arboreal marsupials.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Youngentob, KN, Wood, JT, and Lindenmayer, DB (2013). The response of arboreal marsupials to landscape context over time: a large-scale fragmentation study revisited. Journal of Biogeography 40, 2082–2093.
| The response of arboreal marsupials to landscape context over time: a large-scale fragmentation study revisited.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zylstra, PJ, Bradstock, RA, Bedward, M, Penman, TD, Doherty, MD, Weber, RO, et al. (2016). Biophysical mechanistic modelling quantifies the effects of plant traits on fire severity: species, not surface fuel loads, determine flame dimensions in eucalypt forests. PLoS ONE 11, e0160715.
| Biophysical mechanistic modelling quantifies the effects of plant traits on fire severity: species, not surface fuel loads, determine flame dimensions in eucalypt forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zylstra, P, Ward, M, Wardell-Johnson, G, and Watson, J (2021). All evidence shows logging increased the impact of the Black Summer fires. The Conversation , .
Zylstra, PJ, Bradshaw, SD, and Lindenmayer, DB (2022). Self-thinning forest understoreys reduce wildfire risk, even in a warming climate. Environmental Research Letters 17, 044022.
| Self-thinning forest understoreys reduce wildfire risk, even in a warming climate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |