A collaboratively derived environmental research agenda for Galápagos
Arturo Izurieta A , Byron Delgado A , Nicolas Moity A , Monica Calvopiña B , Iván Cedeño B , Gonzalo Banda-Cruz A , Eliecer Cruz B , Milton Aguas C , Francisco Arroba D , Iván Astudillo E , Diana Bazurto F , Mónica Soria B , Stuart Banks G , Steve Bayas H , Simone Belli I , Rafael Bermúdez J , Nicolai Boelling A , Jimmy Bolaños B , Mercy Borbor J , Ma. Lorena Brito D , Leopoldo Bucheli H , Karl Campbell K , David Carranza D , Jorge Carrión L , Maria Casafont M , Xavier Castro N , Sandra Chamorro M , Juan Chávez B , David Chicaiza O , René Chumbi P , Paulina Couenberg Q , David Cousseau R , Marilyn Cruz S , Noemí d’Ozouville A , Cristina de la Guía T , Giorgio de la Torre U , Carla Molina Díaz D , Jessica Duchicela T , Daniel Endara H , Vanessa Garcia B , Cynthia Gellibert B , James Gibbs V , Juan Carlos Guzmán Q , Pippa Heylings W , Andrés Iglesias D , Juan Carlos Izurieta R , Patricia Jaramillo A , Asleigh Klingman B , Andrew Laurie X , Patricia Leon B , Jaime Medina E , Edison Mendieta H , Godfrey Merlen Y , Carla Montalvo D , Edwin Naula B , Diego Páez-Rosas Z , Manuel Peralta O , Marcos Peralvo C , Mario Piu AA , José Poma Q , José Pontón D , Mireya Pozo J , Daniel Proaño AA , Mónica Ramos L , Ana Rousseaud B , Danny Rueda L , Pelayo Salinas A , Gloria Salmoral AA , Silvia Saraguro C , Débora Simón-Baile T , Washington Tapia V , Byron Teran AC , Marilú Valverde AD , Andrea Vargas B , Josué Vega D , Wilson Velásquez C , Alberto Vélez S , Santiago Verdesoto D , Hernán G. Villarraga AB , Fernando Vissioli T , Cesar Viteri-Mejía G , Lucía Norris-Crespo AE , Sophia C. Cooke AE , M. Veronica Toral-Granda AF AG and William J. Sutherland AE
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Charles Darwin Foundation (CDF), Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador.
B Consejo de Gobierno del Regimen Especial de Galápagos (CGREG), San Cristóbal, Av. 12 de Febrero, Via Progreso (Cerro Patricio), Galápagos, Ecuador.
C Civil Society, Puerto Baquerizo Moreno, San Cristóbal, Galápagos, Ecuador.
D Secretaria Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo (SENPLADES), Juan León Mera Nro. 19-36 y Av. Patria, Quito, Ecuador.
E Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENESCYT), Whymper E7-37 y Alpallana, Quito, Ecuador.
F Ministerio Coordinador de Conocimiento y Talento Humano (MCCTH), Av. Patria S/N y Av.10 de Agosto, Quito, Ecuador.
G Conservation International, Catalina Aldaz N34-181 and Portugal, Titanium II Building, Fourth Floor of 402, Quito, Ecuador.
H Gobierno Municipal de Santa Cruz (GADMSX), Av. Charles Darwin y 12 de Febrero, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador.
I Universidad Yachay Tech, San Miguel de Urcuquí, Hacienda San José s/n.
J Escuela Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL), Campus Gustavo Galindo, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
K Island Conservation, 2100 Delaware Avenue, Suite 1, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA.
L Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador (MAE), Calle Madrid 1159 y Andalucía Código Postal: 170525, Quito, Ecuador.
M WWF, Calle Piqueros S/N y 18 de Febrero, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador.
N Secretaría Nacional de Comunicación (SECOM), San Salvador E6-49 y Eloy Alfaro Código Postal: 170518, Quito, Ecuador.
O Instituto Ecuatoriano de Pesca (INP), Letamendi 102 y La Ría, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
P Ministerio de Electricidad y Energía Renovable (MEER), José Tamayo E-1025 y Lizardo García (Esquina), Quito, Ecuador.
Q Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería, Acuacultura y Pesca (MAGAP), Av. Amazonas y Av. Eloy Alfaro Código Postal: 170516, Quito, Ecuador.
R Ministerio de Turismo del Ecuador (MINTUR), Av. Gran Colombia N11-165 y Gral. Pedro Briceño Edificio ‘La Licuadora’, Quito, Ecuador.
S Agencia de Regulación y Control de la Bioseguridad y Cuarentena para Galápagos (ABG), Av. Baltra, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador.
T Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas (ESPE), Sangolquí, 171-5-231B Pichincha, Ecuador.
U Instituto Oceanográfico de la Armada (INOCAR), Av. 25 de Julio Vía Puerto Marítimo, Base Naval Sur, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
V Galapagos Conservancy, 11150 Fairfax Blvd, Suite 408, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
W Talking Transformation Ltd 13, Burrough Field, Impington, Cambridge, CB24 9NW, UK.
X Amblyrhynchus, 64 Richmond Road, Cambridge, CB4 3PT, UK.
Y Sea Shepherd, Av. Charles Darwin s/n and Piqueros, Apartment 2a, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador.
Z Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Galapagos Science Center, Av. Alsacio Northía, Isla San Cristóbal, Galápagos, Ecuador.
AA Universidad Regional Amazónica (IKIAM), Kilómetro 7 Vía Muyuna, Napo, Ecuador.
AB Instituto de Altos Estudios Nacionales (IAEN), Av. Amazonas N37-271 y Villalengua, Quito, Ecuador.
AC Estación de Investigaciones Marinas y Ayudas a la Navegación de Galápagos – Instituto Oceanográfico de la Armada (EIMAGA-INOCAR).
AD Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias de Ecuador (INIAP), Av. Eloy Alfaro N30-350 y Amazonas, Quito, Ecuador.
AE Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK.
AF Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT 0909, Australia.
AG Corresponding author. Email: veronica.toral-granda@cdu.edu.au
Pacific Conservation Biology 24(2) 168-177 https://doi.org/10.1071/PC17053
Submitted: 4 December 2017 Accepted: 9 March 2018 Published: 20 April 2018
Journal compilation © CSIRO 2018 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
Galápagos is one of the most pristine archipelagos in the world and its conservation relies upon research and sensible management. In recent decades both the interest in, and the needs of, the islands have increased, yet the funds and capacity for necessary research have remained limited. It has become, therefore, increasingly important to identify areas of priority research to assist decision-making in Galápagos conservation.
This study identified 50 questions considered priorities for future research and management. The exercise involved the collaboration of policy makers, practitioners and researchers from more than 30 different organisations. Initially, 360 people were consulted to generate 781 questions. An established process of preworkshop voting and three rounds to reduce and reword the questions, followed by a two-day workshop, was used to produce the final 50 questions. The most common issues raised by this list of questions were human population growth, climate change and the impact of invasive alien species. These results have already been used by a range of organisations and politicians and are expected to provide the basis for future research on the islands so that its sustainability may be enhanced.
References
Alava, J. J., Palomera, C., Bendell, L., and Ross, P. (2013). Pollution as an emerging threat for the conservation of the Galápagos Marine Reserve: environmental impacts and management perspectives. In ‘The Galápagos Marine Reserve’. (Eds J. Denkinger and L. Vinueza.) Chapter 11, pp. 247–283. (Springer Science+Business Media: New York.)Atkinson, R., Jaramillo, P., and Tapia, W. (2010). Establishing a new population of Scalesia affinis, a threatened endemic shrub, on Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos, Ecuador. Conservation Evidence 6, 42–47.
Bataille, A., Cunningham, A. A., Cedeno, V., Cruz, M., Eastwood, G., Fonseca, D. M., Causton, C. E., Azuero, R., Loayza, J., Cruz Martinez, J. D., and Goodman, S. J. (2009). Evidence for regular ongoing introductions of mosquito disease vectors into the Galápagos Islands. Proceedings of the Royal Society 276, 3769–3775.
| Evidence for regular ongoing introductions of mosquito disease vectors into the Galápagos Islands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bax, N., Williamson, A., Aguero, M., Gonzalez, E., and Geeves, W. (2003). Marine invasive alien species: a threat to global biodiversity. Marine Policy 27, 313–323.
| Marine invasive alien species: a threat to global biodiversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Benítez, F., Mena, C., and Zurita-Arthos, L. (2018). Urban land cover change in ecologically fragile environments: the case of the Galapagos Islands. Land (Basel) 7, 21.
| Urban land cover change in ecologically fragile environments: the case of the Galapagos Islands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Benitez-Capistros, F., Hugé, J., and Koedam, N. (2014). Environmental impacts on the Galápagos Islands: identification of interactions, perceptions and steps ahead. Ecological Indicators 38, 113–123.
| Environmental impacts on the Galápagos Islands: identification of interactions, perceptions and steps ahead.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Burger, J., and Gochfeld, M. (1993). Tourism and short-term behavioural responses of nesting masked, red-footed, and blue-footed boobies in the Galápagos. Environmental Conservation 20, 255–259.
| Tourism and short-term behavioural responses of nesting masked, red-footed, and blue-footed boobies in the Galápagos.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bustamante, R. H., Collins, K. J., and Bensted-Smith, R. (2000). Biodiversity conservation in the Galápagos Marine Reserve. Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 70, 31–38.
Campbell, M. L., Keith, I., Hewitt, C. L., Dawson, T. P., and Collins, K. (2015). Evolving marine biosecurity in the Galápagos Islands. Management of Biological Invasions 6, 227–230.
| Evolving marine biosecurity in the Galápagos Islands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Causton, C. E., Peck, S. B., Sinclair, B. J., Roque-Albelo, L., Hodgson, C. J., and Landry, B. (2006). Alien insects: threats and implications for conservation of Galápagos Islands. Conservation Biology and Biodiversity. 99, 121–143.
Causton, C. E., Campbell, M., Hewitt, C., and Boada, R. (2008). Risk associated with marine routes to and within Galápagos. Galápagos Report, 2007–2008, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador.
Corley Smith, G. (1990). A brief history of the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galápagos Islands 1959–1988. Noticias de Galápagos, 49, Santa Cruz, Galápagos.
d’Ozouville, N. (2007). Fresh water: the reality of a critical resource. Galápagos Report, 2006–2007. Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador.
d’Ozouville, N., and Merlen, G. (2007). Agua dulce o la supervivencia en Galápagos. In ‘Galápagos: Migraciones, Economía, Cultura, Conflictos y Acuerdos’. (Eds P. Ospina and C. Falconí.) pp. 297–313. (Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Unidas para el Desarrollo, and Corporación Editora Nacional: Quito.)
Deem, S. L., Cruz, M. B., Higashiguchi, J. M., and Parker, P. G. (2012). Diseases of poultry and endemic birds in Galápagos: implications for the reintroduction of native species. Animal Conservation 15, 73–82.
| Diseases of poultry and endemic birds in Galápagos: implications for the reintroduction of native species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
DPNG (2014). Plan de manejo de las áreas protegidas de Galápagos para el buen vivir. Dirección del Parque Nacional Galápagos, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador.
Edgar, G. J., Banks, S., Fariña, J. M., Calvopiña, M., and Martínez, C. (2004). Regional biogeography of shallow reef fish and macro-invertebrate communities in the archipelago. Journal of Biogeography 31, 1107–1124.
| Regional biogeography of shallow reef fish and macro-invertebrate communities in the archipelago.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Edgar, G. J., Banks, S., Bensted-Smith, R., Calvopiña, M., Chiriboga, A., Garske, L. E., Henderson, S., Miller, K. A., and Salazar, S. (2008). Conservation of threatened species in the Galápagos Marine Reserve through identification and protection of marine key biodiversity areas. Aquatic Conservation 18, 955–968.
| Conservation of threatened species in the Galápagos Marine Reserve through identification and protection of marine key biodiversity areas.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Edgar, G. J., Banks, S. A., Brandt, M., Bustamante, R. H., Chiriboga, A., Earle, S. A., Garske, L. E., Glynn, P. W., Grove, J. S., Henderson, S., Hickman, C. P., Miller, K. A., Rivera, F., and Wellington, G. M. (2010). El Niño, grazers and fisheries interact to greatly elevate extinction risk for Galápagos marine species. Global Change Biology 16, 2876–2890.
| El Niño, grazers and fisheries interact to greatly elevate extinction risk for Galápagos marine species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
González, J. A., Montes, C., Rodríguez, J., and Tapia, W. (2008). Rethinking the Galápagos Islands as a complex social-ecological system: implications for conservation and management. Ecology and Society 13, 13.
| Rethinking the Galápagos Islands as a complex social-ecological system: implications for conservation and management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Guzman, J. C., and Poma, J. E. (2015). Bioagriculture: an opportunity for island good living. Galápagos Report, 2013–2014. Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador.
Hearn, A. (2008). The rocky path to sustainable fisheries management and conservation in the Galápagos Marine Reserve. Ocean and Coastal Management 51, 567–574.
| The rocky path to sustainable fisheries management and conservation in the Galápagos Marine Reserve.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hickman, C. P. (2009). Evolutionary responses of marine invertebrates to insular isolation in Galápagos. Galápagos Research 66, 32–42.
Hulme, P. E., Bacher, S., Kenis, M., Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Minchin, D., Nentwig, W., Olenin, S., Panov, V., Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., Roques, A., Sol, D., Solarz, W., and Vilà, M. (2008). Grasping at the routes of biological invasions: a framework for integrating pathways into policy. Journal of Applied Ecology 45, 403–414.
| Grasping at the routes of biological invasions: a framework for integrating pathways into policy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
INEC (2016). Principales resultados Censo de Población y Vivienda de Galápagos 2015. Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos, Quito, Ecuador.
Keith, I., Dawson, T. P., Collins, K. J., and Campbell, M. L. (2016). Marine invasive species: establishing pathways, their presence and potential threats in the Galápagos Marine Reserve. Pacific Conservation Biology 22, 377–385.
| Marine invasive species: establishing pathways, their presence and potential threats in the Galápagos Marine Reserve.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kleindorfer, S., and Dudaniec, R. Y. (2016). Host–parasite ecology, behavior and genetics: a review of the introduced fly parasite Philornis downsi and its Darwin’s finch hosts. BMC Zoology 1, 1.
| Host–parasite ecology, behavior and genetics: a review of the introduced fly parasite Philornis downsi and its Darwin’s finch hosts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Laurie, W. A. (1990). The effects of the 1982–83 El Nino–Southern Oscillation event on marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus Bell, 1825) populations on Galápagos. In ‘Elsevier Oceangraphy Series 52: Global Ecological Consequences of the 1982–83 El Nino–Southern Oscillation’. (Ed. P. Glynn.) pp. 361–380. (Elsevier Science: Amsterdam.)
Le Saout, S., Hoffmann, M., Shi, Y., Hughes, A., Cyril, B., Brooks, T. M., Bertzky, B., Butchard, S. H. M., Stuart, S. N., Badman, T., and Rodrigues, A. S. L. (2013). Protected areas and effective biodiversity conservation. Science 342, 803–805.
| Protected areas and effective biodiversity conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhvVGnsrzK&md5=afa6788165bd2fa22fbb8e0d7a826d87CAS |
Levy, J. K., Crawford, P. C., Lappin, M. R., Dubovi, E. J., Levy, M. G., Alleman, R., Tucker, S. J., and Clifford, E. L. (2008). Infectious diseases of dogs and cats on Isabela Island, Galápagos. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 22, 60–65.
| Infectious diseases of dogs and cats on Isabela Island, Galápagos.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1c7ivFOmtw%3D%3D&md5=c78b98ea1d8d727e83a756e4bd1a4560CAS |
Liu, J., and d’Ozouville, N. (2013). Water contamination in Puerto Ayora: applied interdisciplinary research using Escherichia coli as an indicator bacteria. Galápagos Report, 2011–2012. Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador.
Lopez, J., and Rueda, D. (2010). Water quality monitoring system in Santa Cruz, San Cristóbal, and Isabela. Galápagos Report, 2009–2010. Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador.
Lowe, S., Browne, M., Boudjelas, S., and De Poorter, M. (2000). 100 of the world’s worst invasive alien species: a selection from the global invasive species database. Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG), a specialist group of the Species Survival Commission (SSC) of the World Conservation Union (IUCN), Auckland.
Lu, F., Valdivia, G., and Wolford, W. (2013). Social dimensions of ‘Nature at Risk’ in the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Conservation & Society 11, 83–95.
| Social dimensions of ‘Nature at Risk’ in the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mendieta, M., and Falconi, K. (2008). The current status of the education system in Galápagos. Galápagos Report, 2007–2008. Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador.
Oleas, R. (2008). The Galápagos National Park entrance fee: a global perspective and options for the future. Galápagos Report, 2007–2008. Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador.
Olson, D. M., and Dinerstein, E. (2002). The Global 200: priority ecoregions for global conservation. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 89, 199–224.
| The Global 200: priority ecoregions for global conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Phillips, R. B., Wiedenfeld, D. A., and Snell, H. L. (2012). Current status of alien vertebrates in the Galápagos Islands: invasion history, distribution, and potential impacts. Biological Invasions 14, 461–480.
| Current status of alien vertebrates in the Galápagos Islands: invasion history, distribution, and potential impacts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pizzitutti, F., Mena, C. F., and Walsh, S. J. (2014). Modelling tourism in the Galápagos Islands: an agent-based model approach. JASSS-The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 17, 14.
| Modelling tourism in the Galápagos Islands: an agent-based model approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Quiroga, D. (2009). Crafting nature: the Galápagos and the making and unmaking of a “natural laboratory”. Journal of Political Ecology 16, 123–140.
| Crafting nature: the Galápagos and the making and unmaking of a “natural laboratory”.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Quiroga, D. (2017). Darwin Emergent Process, and the conservation of Galápagos, In ‘Darwin, Darwinism and Conservation in the Galápagos Islands’. (Eds D. Quiroga, and A. M. Sevilla.) Chapter 8, pp. 135–150. (Springer International Publishing: Switzerland.)
Ragazzi, M., Catellani, R., Rada, E. C., Torretta, V., and Salazar-Valenzuela, X. (2016). Management of urban wastewater on one of the Galápagos islands. Sustainability 8, 208.
| Management of urban wastewater on one of the Galápagos islands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Reck, G. (2017). The Charles Darwin Foundation: some critical remarks about its history and trends. In ‘Darwin, Darwinism and Conservation in the Galápagos Islands’. (Eds D. Quiroga, and A. M. Sevilla.) Chapter 7, pp. 109–133. (Springer International Publishing: Switzerland.)
Renteria, J. L., Gardener, M., Panetta, F. D., and Crawley, M. J. (2012). Management of the invasive hill raspberry (Rubus niveus) on Santiago Island, Galápagos: eradication or indefinite control? Invasive Plant Science and Management 5, 37–46.
| Management of the invasive hill raspberry (Rubus niveus) on Santiago Island, Galápagos: eradication or indefinite control?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Romero, L. M., and Wikelski, M. (2002). Exposure to tourism reduces stress-induced corticosterone levels in Galápagos marine iguanas. Biological Conservation 108, 371–374.
| Exposure to tourism reduces stress-induced corticosterone levels in Galápagos marine iguanas.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Santander, T., González, J. A., Tapia, W., Araujo, E., and Montes, C. (2009). Tendencias de la investigación científica en Galápagos y sus implicaciones para el manejo del archipiélago. In ‘Ciencia para la Sostenibilidad en Galápagos: el Papel de la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica en el Pasado, Presente y Futuro del Archipiélago’. (Eds W. Tapia, P. Ospina, D. Quiroga, J. A. González, and C. Montes.) pp. 62–108. (Parque Nacional Galápagos, Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Universida Autónoma de Madrid, Universidad San Francisco de Quito: Quito.)
Stepath, C. M. (2009). Environmental education in the Galápagos: where do we go from here? In ‘Proceedings of the Galápagos Science Symposium 2009, Galápagos Islands, 20–24 July 2009’. (Eds M. Wolff, and M. Gardener.) pp. 149–151. (Charles Darwin Foundation: Galápagos.)
Sutherland, W. J., Armstrong-Brown, S., Armsworth, P. R., Brereton, T., Brickland, J., Campbell, C. D., Chamberlain, D. E., Cooke, A. I., Dulvy, N. K., Dusic, N. R., Fitton, M., Freckleton, R. P., Godfray, H. C., Grout, N., Harvey, H. J., Hedley, C., Hopkins, J. J., Kift, N. B., Kirby, J., Kunin, W. E., MacDonald, D. W., Markee, B., Naura, M., Neale, A. R., Oliver, T., Osborn, D., Pullin, A. S., Shardlow, M. E. A., Showler, D. A., Smith, P. L., Smithers, R. J., Solandt, J. L., Spencer, J., Spray, C. J., Thomas, C. D., Thompson, J., Webb, S. E., Yalden, D. W., and Watkinson, A. R. (2006). The identification of 100 ecological questions of high policy relevance in the UK. Journal of Applied Ecology 43, 617–627.
| The identification of 100 ecological questions of high policy relevance in the UK.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sutherland, W. J., Fleishman, E., Mascia, M. B., Pretty, J., and Rudd, M. A. (2011). Methods for collaboratively identifying research priorities and emerging issues in science and policy. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 2, 238–247.
| Methods for collaboratively identifying research priorities and emerging issues in science and policy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sutherland, W. J., Freckleton, R. P., Godfray, H. C. J., Beissinger, S. R., Benton, T., Cameron, D. D., Carmel, Y., Coomes, D. A., Coulson, T., Emmerson, M. C., Hails, R. S., Hays, G. C., Hodgson, D. J., Hutchings, M. J., Johnson, D., Jones, J. P. G., Keeling, M. J., Kokko, H., Kunin, W. E., Lambin, X., Lewis, O. T., Malhi, Y., Mieszkowska, N., Milner-Gulland, E. J., Norris, K., Phillimore, A. B., Purves, D. W., Reid, J. M., Reuman, D. C., Thompson, K., Travis, J. M. J., Turnbull, L. A., Wardle, D. A., and Wiegand, T. (2013). Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions. Journal of Ecology 101, 58–67.
| Identification of 100 fundamental ecological questions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Taylor, J., Hardner, J., and Stewart, M. (2009). Ecotourism and economic growth in the Galápagos: an island economy-wide analysis. Environment and Development Economics 14, 139–162.
| Ecotourism and economic growth in the Galápagos: an island economy-wide analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Toral-Granda, M. V. (2008). Galápagos Islands: a hotspot of sea cucumber fisheries in Mexico, Central and South America. In ‘Sea Cucumbers. A Global Review on Fisheries and Trade’. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 516. (Eds M. V. Toral-Granda, A. Lovatelli, and M. Vasconcellos.) pp. 231–253. (FAO: Rome.)
Toral-Granda, M. V., Causton, C. E., Jäger, H., Trueman, M., Izurieta, J. C., Araujo, E., Cruz, M., Zander, K. K., Izurieta, A., and Garnett, S. T. (2017). Alien species pathways to the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. PLoS One 12, e0184379.
| Alien species pathways to the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Trueman, M., Atkinson, R., Guézou, A., and Wurm, P. (2010). Residence time and human-mediated propagule pressure at work in the alien flora of Galápagos. Biological Invasions 12, 3949–3960.
| Residence time and human-mediated propagule pressure at work in the alien flora of Galápagos.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Trueman, M., Standish, R. J., and Hobbs, R. J. (2014). Identifying management options for modified vegetation: application of the novel ecosystems framework to a case study in the Galápagos Islands. Biological Conservation 172, 37–48.
| Identifying management options for modified vegetation: application of the novel ecosystems framework to a case study in the Galápagos Islands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tullis, P. (2016). Galápagos Stampede. Scientific American 314, 52–57.
| Galápagos Stampede.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tye, A., Snell, H. L., Peck, S. B., and Andersen, H. (2002). Outstanding terrestrial features of the Galápagos archipelago. In ‘A Biodiversity Vision for the Galápagos Islands’. (Ed. R. Bensted-Smith.) Chapter 3, pp. 12–23. (Charles Darwin Foundation and World Wildlife Fund: Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador.)
Valle, C. A. (2013). Science and conservation in the Galápagos Islands. In ‘Science and Conservation in the Galápagos Islands: Frameworks and Perspectives’. (Eds S. J. Walsh, and C. F. Mena.) pp. 1–22. (Springer-Verlag: New York.)
Viteri Mejía, C., and Brandt, S. (2015). Managing tourism in the Galápagos Islands through price incentives: a choice experiment approach. Ecological Economics 117, 1–11.
| Managing tourism in the Galápagos Islands through price incentives: a choice experiment approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Viteri Mejía, C., and Brandt, S. (2017). Utilizing environmental information and pricing strategies to reduce externalities of tourism: the case of invasive species in the Galápagos. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 25, 763–778.
| Utilizing environmental information and pricing strategies to reduce externalities of tourism: the case of invasive species in the Galápagos.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Walsh, S. J., McCleary, A. L., Heumann, B. W., Brewington, L., Raczkowski, E. J., and Mena, C. F. (2010). Community expansion and infrastructure development: implications for human health and environmental quality in the Galápagos Islands of Ecuador. Journal of Latin American Geography 9, 137–159.
| Community expansion and infrastructure development: implications for human health and environmental quality in the Galápagos Islands of Ecuador.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Watkins, G. (2008). A paradigm shift in Galápagos research. Journal of Science and Conservation in the Galápagos Islands 65, 30–36.
Zander, K. K., Saeteros, A., Orellana, D., Toral-Granda, M. V., Wegner, A., Izurieta, A., and Garnett, S. T. (2016). Determinants of tourist satisfaction with national park guides and facilities in the Galápagos. International Journal of Tourism Sciences 16, 60–82.
| Determinants of tourist satisfaction with national park guides and facilities in the Galápagos.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
