Register      Login
Marine and Freshwater Research Marine and Freshwater Research Society
Advances in the aquatic sciences
RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)

Using stable-isotope analysis and acoustic telemetry data to infer broad-scale migration patterns of Port Jackson sharks (Heterodontus portusjacksoni)

N. C. Bass https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5815-1392 A * , N. E. Hussey B and C. Brown https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0210-1820 A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.

B Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada.

* Correspondence to: nathancbass@mail.com

Handling Editor: Colin Simpfendorfer

Marine and Freshwater Research 74(4) 387-397 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF22180
Submitted: 7 September 2022  Accepted: 22 December 2022   Published: 3 February 2023

© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC)

Abstract

Context: Understanding migratory species’ habitat selection is complicated by variation in movement strategies. Stable-isotope analysis provides a powerful tool to investigate such variation.

Aims: We used acoustic telemetry and stable-isotope analysis to better understand the movement strategies of Port Jackson sharks.

Methods: We compared the δ13C and δ15N values of fin tissue from acoustically tracked individuals that undertook three distinct movement strategies. Hierarchical cluster analysis was then used to cluster movement strategies of a larger sample of sharks on the basis of δ13C and δ15N values.

Key results: Tracked individuals that remained in Jervis Bay were enriched in 13C, compared with those that migrated south after the breeding season. Individuals were assigned to six clusters and δ13C and δ15N values indicated that migrating males and females may utilise different geographical areas or niches during the non-breeding season.

Conclusions: By using stable isotope analysis and acoustic telemetry, we identified distinct groups of Port Jackson sharks with similar broad-scale movement strategies.

Implications: These variable movement strategies may lead to different reproductive fitness advantages on an individual and population level, having implications for the broader ecosystem, given the important role mesopredators play in southern reef marine ecosystems.

Keywords: acoustic tracking, differential migration, dispersal, ecology, elasmobranchs, isotopes, marine, movement, stable isotopes.


References

Abrantes, KG, and Barnett, A (2011). Intrapopulation variations in diet and habitat use in a marine apex predator, the broadnose sevengill shark Notorynchus cepedianus. Marine Ecology Progress Series 442, 133–148.
Intrapopulation variations in diet and habitat use in a marine apex predator, the broadnose sevengill shark Notorynchus cepedianus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Aurioles, D, Koch, PL, and Le Boeuf, BJ (2006). Differences in foraging location of Mexican and California elephant seals: evidence from stable isotopes in pups. Marine Mammal Science 22, 326–338.
Differences in foraging location of Mexican and California elephant seals: evidence from stable isotopes in pups.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bass, NC, Mourier, J, Knott, NA, Day, J, Guttridge, T, and Brown, C (2017). Long-term migration patterns and bisexual philopatry in a benthic shark species. Marine and Freshwater Research 68, 1414–1421.
Long-term migration patterns and bisexual philopatry in a benthic shark species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bass, NC, Day, J, Guttridge, TL, Knott, NA, and Brown, C (2021a). Intraspecific variation in diel patterns of rocky reef use suggests temporal partitioning in Port Jackson sharks. Marine and Freshwater Research 72, 1445–1456.
Intraspecific variation in diel patterns of rocky reef use suggests temporal partitioning in Port Jackson sharks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bass, NC, Day, J, Guttridge, TL, Mourier, J, Knott, NA, Vila Pouca, C, and Brown, C (2021b). Residency and movement patterns of adult Port Jackson sharks (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) at a breeding aggregation site. Journal of Fish Biology 99, 1455–1466.
Residency and movement patterns of adult Port Jackson sharks (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) at a breeding aggregation site.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Beckmann CL (2014) Fatty acid profiles of a benthic chondrichthyan: captive feeding trials and ecological applications. PhD thesis, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.

Borrell, A, Aguilar, A, Gazo, M, Kumarran, RP, and Cardona, L (2011). Stable isotope profiles in whale shark (Rhincodon typus) suggest segregation and dissimilarities in the diet depending on sex and size. Environmental Biology of Fishes 92, 559–567.
Stable isotope profiles in whale shark (Rhincodon typus) suggest segregation and dissimilarities in the diet depending on sex and size.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bouchard, SS, and Bjorndal, KA (2000). Sea turtles as biological transporters of nutrients and energy from marine to terrestrial ecosystems. Ecology 81, 2305–2313.
Sea turtles as biological transporters of nutrients and energy from marine to terrestrial ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Carrier, JC, Pratt, HL, and Martin, LK (1994). Group reproductive behaviors in free-living nurse sharks, Ginglymostoma cirratum. Copeia 1994, 646–656.
Group reproductive behaviors in free-living nurse sharks, Ginglymostoma cirratum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cárdenas-Palomo, N, Noreña-Barroso, E, Herrera-Silveira, J, Galván-Magaña, F, and Hacohen-Domené, A (2018). Feeding habits of the whale shark (Rhincodon typus) inferred by fatty acid profiles in the northern Mexican Caribbean. Environmental Biology of Fishes 101, 1599–1612.
Feeding habits of the whale shark (Rhincodon typus) inferred by fatty acid profiles in the northern Mexican Caribbean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Chapman, BB, Skov, C, Hulthén, K, Brodersen, J, Nilsson, PA, Hansson, L-A, and Brönmark, C (2012). Partial migration in fishes: definitions, methodologies and taxonomic distribution. Journal of Fish Biology 81, 479–499.
Partial migration in fishes: definitions, methodologies and taxonomic distribution.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Chapman, DD, Feldheim, KA, Papastamatiou, YP, and Hueter, RE (2015). There and back again: a review of residency and return migrations in sharks, with implications for population structure and management. Annual Review of Marine Science 7, 547–570.
There and back again: a review of residency and return migrations in sharks, with implications for population structure and management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Christie, A (2015). Account of a mass aggregation of Port Jackson sharks Heterodontus portusjacksoni at Point Cooke Marine Sanctuary, Victoria, Australia. The Victorian Naturalist 132, 108–117.

Couturier, LIE, Rohner, CA, Richardson, AJ, Marshall, AD, Jaine, FRA, Bennett, MB, Townsend, KA, Weeks, SJ, and Nichols, PD (2013). Stable isotope and signature fatty acid analyses suggest reef manta rays feed on demersal zooplankton. PLoS ONE 8, e77152.
Stable isotope and signature fatty acid analyses suggest reef manta rays feed on demersal zooplankton.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

DeNiro, MJ, and Epstein, S (1978). Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 42, 495–506.
Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

DeNiro, MJ, and Epstein, S (1981). Influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45, 341–351.
Influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Di Lorenzo, M, Vizzini, S, Signa, G, Andolina, C, Boscolo Palo, G, Gristina, M, Mazzoldi, C, and Colloca, F (2020). Ontogenetic trophic segregation between two threatened smooth-hound sharks in the Central Mediterranean Sea. Scientific Reports 10, 11011.
Ontogenetic trophic segregation between two threatened smooth-hound sharks in the Central Mediterranean Sea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Doherty, CA, Curry, RA, and Munkittrick, KR (2010). Spatial and temporal movements of white sucker: implications for use as a sentinel species. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 139, 1818–1827.
Spatial and temporal movements of white sucker: implications for use as a sentinel species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Espinoza, M, Lédée, EJI, Smoothey, AF, Heupel, MR, Peddemors, VM, Tobin, AJ, and Simpfendorfer, CA (2021). Intra-specific variation in movement and habitat connectivity of a mobile predator revealed by acoustic telemetry and network analyses. Marine Biology 168, 80.
Intra-specific variation in movement and habitat connectivity of a mobile predator revealed by acoustic telemetry and network analyses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

France, RL (1995). Carbon-13 enrichment in benthic compared to planktonic algae: foodweb implications. Marine Ecology Progress Series 124, 307–312.
Carbon-13 enrichment in benthic compared to planktonic algae: foodweb implications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

French, GCA, Rizzuto, S, Stürup, M, Inger, R, Barker, S, van Wyk, JH, Towner, AV, and Hughes, WOH (2018). Sex, size and isotopes: cryptic trophic ecology of an apex predator, the white shark Carcharodon carcharias. Marine Biology 165, 102.
Sex, size and isotopes: cryptic trophic ecology of an apex predator, the white shark Carcharodon carcharias.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fritz, KA, and Whiles, MR (2018). Amphibian-mediated nutrient fluxes across aquatic–terrestrial boundaries of temporary wetlands. Freshwater Biology 63, 1250–1259.
Amphibian-mediated nutrient fluxes across aquatic–terrestrial boundaries of temporary wetlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fry B, Sherr EB (1989) δ13C measurements as indicators of carbon flow in marine and freshwater ecosystems. In ‘Stable isotopes in ecological research’. (Eds PW Rundell, JR Ehleringer, KA Nagy) pp. 196–229. (Springer: New York, NY, USA)

Gende, SM, Edwards, RT, Willson, MF, and Wipfli, MS (2002). Pacific salmon in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems: Pacific salmon subsidize freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems through several pathways, which generates unique management and conservation issues but also provides valuable research opportunities. BioScience 52, 917–928.
Pacific salmon in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems: Pacific salmon subsidize freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems through several pathways, which generates unique management and conservation issues but also provides valuable research opportunities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Goodenough, AE, Coker, DG, Wood, MJ, and Rogers, SL (2017). Overwintering habitat links to summer reproductive success: intercontinental carry-over effects in a declining migratory bird revealed using stable isotope analysis. Bird Study 64, 433–444.
Overwintering habitat links to summer reproductive success: intercontinental carry-over effects in a declining migratory bird revealed using stable isotope analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hammerschlag, N, and Sulikowski, J (2011). Killing for conservation: the need for alternatives to lethal sampling of apex predatory sharks. Endangered Species Research 14, 135–140.
Killing for conservation: the need for alternatives to lethal sampling of apex predatory sharks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Harrison, PM, Gutowsky, LFG, Martins, EG, Ward, TD, Patterson, DA, Cooke, SJ, and Power, M (2017). Individual isotopic specializations predict subsequent inter-individual variation in movement in a freshwater fish. Ecology 98, 608–615.
Individual isotopic specializations predict subsequent inter-individual variation in movement in a freshwater fish.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Heithaus, MR, Frid, A, Wirsing, AJ, and Worm, B (2008). Predicting ecological consequences of marine top predator declines. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 23, 202–210.
Predicting ecological consequences of marine top predator declines.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hobson, KA (1999). Tracing origins and migration of wildlife using stable isotopes: a review. Oecologia 120, 314–326.
Tracing origins and migration of wildlife using stable isotopes: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hussey, NE, Dudley, SFJ, McCarthy, ID, Cliff, G, and Fisk, AT (2011a). Stable isotope profiles of large marine predators: viable indicators of trophic position, diet, and movement in sharks? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68, 2029–2045.
Stable isotope profiles of large marine predators: viable indicators of trophic position, diet, and movement in sharks?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hussey, NE, Chapman, DD, Donnelly, E, Abercrombie, DL, and Fisk, AT (2011b). Fin-icky samples: an assessment of shark fin as a source material for stable isotope analysis. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 9, 524–532.
Fin-icky samples: an assessment of shark fin as a source material for stable isotope analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hussey, NE, MacNeil, MA, Olin, JA, McMeans, BC, Kinney, MJ, Chapman, DD, and Fisk, AT (2012). Stable isotopes and elasmobranchs: tissue types, methods, applications and assumptions. Journal of Fish Biology 80, 1449–1484.
Stable isotopes and elasmobranchs: tissue types, methods, applications and assumptions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hussey, NE, MacNeil, MA, McMeans, BC, Olin, JA, Dudley, SF, Cliff, G, Wintner, SP, Fennessy, ST, and Fisk, AT (2014). Rescaling the trophic structure of marine food webs. Ecology Letters 17, 239–250.
Rescaling the trophic structure of marine food webs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hussey, NE, Kessel, ST, Aarestrup, K, Cooke, SJ, Cowley, PD, Fisk, AT, Harcourt, RG, Holland, KN, Iverson, SJ, Kocik, JF, and Mills Flemming, JE (2015). Aquatic animal telemetry: a panoramic window into the underwater world. Science 348, 1255642.
Aquatic animal telemetry: a panoramic window into the underwater world.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kim, SL, del Rio, CM, Casper, D, and Koch, PL (2012). Isotopic incorporation rates for shark tissues from a long-term captive feeding study. Journal of Experimental Biology 215, 2495–2500.
Isotopic incorporation rates for shark tissues from a long-term captive feeding study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kloke, JD, and McKean, JW (2012). Rfit: rank-based estimation for linear models. The R Journal 4, 57–64.

Leyrer, J, Lok, T, Brugge, M, Spaans, B, Sandercock, BK, and Piersma, T (2013). Mortality within the annual cycle: seasonal survival patterns in Afro-Siberian Red Knots Calidris canutus canutus. Journal of Ornithology 154, 933–943.
Mortality within the annual cycle: seasonal survival patterns in Afro-Siberian Red Knots Calidris canutus canutus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Li, Y, Zhang, Y, and Dai, X (2016). Trophic interactions among pelagic sharks and large predatory teleosts in the northeast central Pacific. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 483, 97–103.
Trophic interactions among pelagic sharks and large predatory teleosts in the northeast central Pacific.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Logan, JM, and Lutcavage, ME (2010). Stable isotope dynamics in elasmobranch fishes. Hydrobiologia 644, 231–244.
Stable isotope dynamics in elasmobranch fishes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

MacNeil, MA, Drouillard, KG, and Fisk, AT (2006). Variable uptake and elimination of stable nitrogen isotopes between tissues in fish. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, 345–353.
Variable uptake and elimination of stable nitrogen isotopes between tissues in fish.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Madigan, DJ, Baumann, Z, Carlisle, AB, Hoen, DK, Popp, BN, Dewar, H, Snodgrass, OE, Block, BA, and Fisher, NS (2014). Reconstructing transoceanic migration patterns of Pacific bluefin tuna using a chemical tracer toolbox. Ecology 95, 1674–1683.
Reconstructing transoceanic migration patterns of Pacific bluefin tuna using a chemical tracer toolbox.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Madigan, DJ, Baumann, Z, Carlisle, AB, Snodgrass, O, Dewar, H, and Fisher, NS (2018a). Isotopic insights into migration patterns of Pacific bluefin tuna in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 75, 260–270.
Isotopic insights into migration patterns of Pacific bluefin tuna in the eastern Pacific Ocean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Madigan, DJ, Snodgrass, OE, and Fisher, NS (2018b). From migrants to mossbacks: tracer- and tag-inferred habitat shifts in the California yellowtail Seriola dorsalis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 597, 221–230.
From migrants to mossbacks: tracer- and tag-inferred habitat shifts in the California yellowtail Seriola dorsalis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Madigan DJ, Shipley ON, Hussey NE (2021) Applying isotopic clocks to identify prior migration patterns and critical habitats in mobile marine predators. In ‘Conservation physiology: integrating physiology into animal conservation and management’. (Eds CL Madliger, SJ Cooke, CE Franklin, OP Love) pp. 69–86. (Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK)

Marcus, L, Virtue, P, Nichols, PD, Ferreira, LC, Pethybridge, H, and Meekan, MG (2019). Stable isotope analysis of dermis and the foraging behavior of whale sharks at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Frontiers in Marine Science 6, 546.
Stable isotope analysis of dermis and the foraging behavior of whale sharks at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Matich, P, and Heithaus, MR (2014). Multi-tissue stable isotope analysis and acoustic telemetry reveal seasonal variability in the trophic interactions of juvenile bull sharks in a coastal estuary. Journal of Animal Ecology 83, 199–213.
Multi-tissue stable isotope analysis and acoustic telemetry reveal seasonal variability in the trophic interactions of juvenile bull sharks in a coastal estuary.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Matich, P, Heithaus, MR, and Layman, CA (2011). Contrasting patterns of individual specialization and trophic coupling in two marine apex predators. Journal of Animal Ecology 80, 294–305.
Contrasting patterns of individual specialization and trophic coupling in two marine apex predators.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Matley, JK, Heupel, MR, Fisk, AT, Simpfendorfer, CA, and Tobin, AJ (2017). Measuring niche overlap between co-occurring Plectropomus spp. using acoustic telemetry and stable isotopes. Marine and Freshwater Research 68, 1468–1478.
Measuring niche overlap between co-occurring Plectropomus spp. using acoustic telemetry and stable isotopes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Matley, JK, Klinard, NV, Larocque, SM, McLean, MF, Brownscombe, JW, Raby, GD, Nguyen, VM, and Barbosa Martins, AP (2022). Making the most of aquatic animal tracking: a review of complementary methods to bolster acoustic telemetry. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries , .
Making the most of aquatic animal tracking: a review of complementary methods to bolster acoustic telemetry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

McLaughlin, RH, and O’Gower, AK (1971). Life history and underwater studies of a heterodont shark. Ecological Monographs 41, 271–289.
Life history and underwater studies of a heterodont shark.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Munroe, SEM, Heupel, MR, Fisk, AT, Logan, M, and Simpfendorfer, CA (2015). Regional movement patterns of a small-bodied shark revealed by stable-isotope analysis. Journal of Fish Biology 86, 1567–1586.
Regional movement patterns of a small-bodied shark revealed by stable-isotope analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Nielsen, J, Christiansen, JS, Grønkjær, P, Bushnell, P, Steffensen, JF, Kiilerich, HO, Præbel, K, and Hedeholm, R (2019). Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus) stomach contents and stable isotope values reveal an ontogenetic dietary shift. Frontiers in Marine Science 6, 125.
Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus) stomach contents and stable isotope values reveal an ontogenetic dietary shift.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Papastamatiou, YP, Meyer, CG, Carvalho, F, Dale, JJ, Hutchinson, MR, and Holland, KN (2013). Telemetry and random-walk models reveal complex patterns of partial migration in a large marine predator. Ecology 94, 2595–2606.
Telemetry and random-walk models reveal complex patterns of partial migration in a large marine predator.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Post, DM, Layman, CA, Arrington, DA, Takimoto, G, Quattrochi, J, and Montana, CG (2007). Getting to the fat of the matter: models, methods and assumptions for dealing with lipids in stable isotope analyses. Oecologia 152, 179–189.
Getting to the fat of the matter: models, methods and assumptions for dealing with lipids in stable isotope analyses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Powter, DM, and Gladstone, W (2008). Habitat preferences of Port Jackson sharks, Heterodontus portusjacksoni, in the coastal waters of eastern Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 129, 151–165.

Powter, DM, and Gladstone, W (2009). Habitat-mediated use of space by juvenile and mating adult Port Jackson sharks, Heterodontus portusjacksoni, in eastern Australia. Pacific Science 63, 1–14.
Habitat-mediated use of space by juvenile and mating adult Port Jackson sharks, Heterodontus portusjacksoni, in eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Powter, DM, Gladstone, W, and Platell, M (2010). The influence of sex and maturity on the diet, mouth morphology and dentition of the Port Jackson shark, Heterodontus portusjacksoni. Marine and Freshwater Research 61, 74–85.
The influence of sex and maturity on the diet, mouth morphology and dentition of the Port Jackson shark, Heterodontus portusjacksoni.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ritchie, EG, and Johnson, CN (2009). Predator interactions, mesopredator release and biodiversity conservation. Ecology Letters 12, 982–998.
Predator interactions, mesopredator release and biodiversity conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rubenstein, DR, and Hobson, KA (2004). From birds to butterflies: animal movement patterns and stable isotopes. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 19, 256–263.
From birds to butterflies: animal movement patterns and stable isotopes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Saino, N, Szép, T, Ambrosini, R, Romano, M, and Møller, AP (2004). Ecological conditions during winter affect sexual selection and breeding in a migratory bird. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London – B. Biological Sciences 271, 681–686.
Ecological conditions during winter affect sexual selection and breeding in a migratory bird.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sequeira, AMM, Heupel, MR, Lea, M-A, Eguíluz, VM, Duarte, CM, Meekan, MG, Thums, M, Calich, HJ, Carmichael, RH, Costa, DP, Ferreira, LC, Fernandéz-Gracia, J, Harcourt, R, Harrison, A-L, Jonsen, I, McMahon, CR, Sims, DW, Wilson, RP, and Hays, GC (2019). The importance of sample size in marine megafauna tagging studies. Ecological Applications 29, e01947.
The importance of sample size in marine megafauna tagging studies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Shaw, AK (2020). Causes and consequences of individual variation in animal movement. Movement Ecology 8, 12.
Causes and consequences of individual variation in animal movement.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Shipley, ON, Murchie, KJ, Frisk, MG, Brooks, EJ, O’Shea, OR, and Power, M (2017). Low lipid and urea effects and inter-tissue comparisons of stable isotope signatures in three nearshore elasmobranchs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 579, 233–238.
Low lipid and urea effects and inter-tissue comparisons of stable isotope signatures in three nearshore elasmobranchs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Shipley, ON, Newton, AL, Frisk, MG, Henkes, GA, LaBelle, JS, Camhi, MD, Hyatt, MW, Walters, H, and Olin, JA (2021). Telemetry-validated nitrogen stable isotope clocks identify ocean-to-estuarine habitat shifts in mobile organisms. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 12, 897–908.
Telemetry-validated nitrogen stable isotope clocks identify ocean-to-estuarine habitat shifts in mobile organisms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Simpfendorfer CA, Heupel MR (2012) Assessing habitat use and movement. In ‘Biology of sharks and their relatives’. (Eds JC Carrier, CA Simpfendorfer, MR Heithaus, KE Yopak) pp. 579–601. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA)

Sims, D, Nash, J, and Morritt, D (2001). Movements and activity of male and female dogfish in a tidal sea lough: alternative behavioural strategies and apparent sexual segregation. Marine Biology 139, 1165–1175.
Movements and activity of male and female dogfish in a tidal sea lough: alternative behavioural strategies and apparent sexual segregation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sommerville, E, Platell, ME, White, WT, Jones, AA, and Potter, IC (2011). Partitioning of food resources by four abundant, co-occurring elasmobranch species: relationships between diet and both body size and season. Marine and Freshwater Research 62, 54–65.
Partitioning of food resources by four abundant, co-occurring elasmobranch species: relationships between diet and both body size and season.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Speed, CW, Meekan, MG, Field, IC, McMahon, CR, Abrantes, K, and Bradshaw, CJA (2012). Trophic ecology of reef sharks determined using stable isotopes and telemetry. Coral Reefs 31, 357–367.
Trophic ecology of reef sharks determined using stable isotopes and telemetry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Steenweg, RJ, Crossin, GT, Kyser, TK, Merkel, FR, Gilchrist, HG, Hennin, HL, Robertson, GJ, Provencher, JF, Mills Flemming, J, and Love, OP (2017). Stable isotopes can be used to infer the overwintering locations of prebreeding marine birds in the Canadian Arctic. Ecology and Evolution 7, 8742–8752.
Stable isotopes can be used to infer the overwintering locations of prebreeding marine birds in the Canadian Arctic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Swadling, DS, Knott, NA, Rees, MJ, Pederson, H, Adams, KR, Taylor, MD, and Davis, AR (2020). Seagrass canopies and the performance of acoustic telemetry: implications for the interpretation of fish movements. Animal Biotelemetry 8, 8.
Seagrass canopies and the performance of acoustic telemetry: implications for the interpretation of fish movements.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Vaudo, JJ, Wetherbee, BM, Harvey, G, Nemeth, RS, Aming, C, Burnie, N, Howey-Jordan, LA, and Shivji, MS (2014). Intraspecific variation in vertical habitat use by tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) in the western North Atlantic. Ecology and Evolution 4, 1768–1786.
Intraspecific variation in vertical habitat use by tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) in the western North Atlantic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Votier, SC, Bearhop, S, Witt, MJ, Inger, R, Thompson, D, and Newton, J (2010). Individual responses of seabirds to commercial fisheries revealed using GPS tracking, stable isotopes and vessel monitoring systems. Journal of Applied Ecology 47, 487–497.
Individual responses of seabirds to commercial fisheries revealed using GPS tracking, stable isotopes and vessel monitoring systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wearmouth, VJ, and Sims, DW (2008). Sexual segregation in marine fish, reptiles, birds and mammals: behaviour patterns, mechanisms and conservation implications. Advances in Marine Biology 54, 107–170.
Sexual segregation in marine fish, reptiles, birds and mammals: behaviour patterns, mechanisms and conservation implications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wickham H (2016) ‘ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis.’ (Springer-Verlag: New York, NY, USA)

Williams, JJ, Papastamatiou, YP, Caselle, JE, Bradley, D, and Jacoby, DMP (2018). Mobile marine predators: an understudied source of nutrients to coral reefs in an unfished atoll. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London – B. Biological Sciences 285, 20172456.
Mobile marine predators: an understudied source of nutrients to coral reefs in an unfished atoll.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |