Public perceptions of wetlands and preferences for on-site visitor facilities and communication media: a case study from an Australian Ramsar wetland
Xinying Wang A , Vishnu Prahalad
A B and Jamie B. Kirkpatrick A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A School of Geography, Planning, and Spatial Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia.
B Corresponding author. Email: vishnu.prahalad@utas.edu.au
Marine and Freshwater Research 73(10) 1149-1148 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF22033
Submitted: 21 August 2021 Accepted: 09 March 2022 Published: 27 April 2022
Journal Compilation © CSIRO 2022 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
There is wide recognition, championed by the Ramsar Convention, of the need to increase the public appreciation of wetlands and their conservation by providing meaningful experiences for visitors to Ramsar sites. In a case study of an Australian Ramsar site on the 50th anniversary of the treaty, we investigate the public’s awareness of this internationally significant wetland and their understanding of wetland biota and ecosystem services. To inform future communication, education, participation and awareness (CEPA), we also investigate public preferences for particular wetland-related knowledge, on-site activities, facilities and communication media. Less than half of the 326 survey respondents expressed some familiarity with wetlands. Notably, they were not aware of the existence of the Ramsar site, despite having driven past and being within close proximity to the wetland at the time of surveying. Non-extractive and non-commodified recreational activities such as trail walking and photography were preferred over extractive uses such as fishing and duck hunting and activities such as boat cruises and guided tours. There was a high demand for on-site facilities such as walking tracks and viewing platforms and for communication through web-based sources. Visitation to further the goals of Ramsar CEPA could be encouraged through the resourcing of locally appropriate infrastructure, promotion of activities and better communication.
Keywords: ecotourism, environmental education, protected area management, Ramsar Convention, science communication, wetland management.
References
Ainsworth, G. B., Fitzsimons, J. A., Weston, M. A., and Garnett, S. T. (2018). The culture of bird conservation: Australian stakeholder values regarding iconic, flagship and rare birds. Biodiversity and Conservation 27, 345–363.| The culture of bird conservation: Australian stakeholder values regarding iconic, flagship and rare birds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Australian Bureau of Statistics (2017). 2016 Census QuickStats: Coles Bay. Available at https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC60121#:~:text=People%20%E2%80%94%20demographics%20%26%20education&text=In%20the%202016%20Census%2C%20there,up%201.1%25%20of%20the%20population.&text=The%20median%20age%20of%20people,State%20Suburbs)%20was%2053%20years [Verified 1 April 2022].
Bacon, P. R. (1987). Use of wetlands for tourism in the insular Caribbean. Annals of Tourism Research 14, 104–117.
| Use of wetlands for tourism in the insular Caribbean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bergstrom, J. C., and Stoll, J. R. (1993). Value estimator models for wetlands-based recreational use values. Land Economics 69, 132–137.
| Value estimator models for wetlands-based recreational use values.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Boon, P. I. (2012). Coastal wetlands of temperate eastern Australia: will Cinderella ever go to the ball? Marine and Freshwater Research 63, 845–855.
| Coastal wetlands of temperate eastern Australia: will Cinderella ever go to the ball?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Braby, M. F. (2018). Threatened species conservation of invertebrates in Australia: an overview. Austral Entomology 57, 173–181.
| Threatened species conservation of invertebrates in Australia: an overview.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brock, M. A., Smith, R. G. B., and Jarman, P. J. (1999). Drain it, dam it: alteration of water regime in shallow wetlands on the New England Tableland of New South Wales, Australia. Wetlands Ecology and Management 7, 37–46.
| Drain it, dam it: alteration of water regime in shallow wetlands on the New England Tableland of New South Wales, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carlsson, F., Frykblom, P., and Liljenstolpe, C. (2003). Valuing wetland attributes: an application of choice experiments. Ecological Economics 47, 95–103.
| Valuing wetland attributes: an application of choice experiments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cheng, M., Wong, I. A., Wearing, S., and McDonald, M. (2017). Ecotourism social media initiatives in China. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 25, 416–432.
| Ecotourism social media initiatives in China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chiu, L., and Kriwoken, L. (2003). Managing recreational mountain biking in Wellington Park, Tasmania, Australia. Annals of Leisure Research 6, 339–361.
| Managing recreational mountain biking in Wellington Park, Tasmania, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Clarke, B., Thet, A. K., Sandhu, H., and Dittmann, S. (2021). Integrating Cultural Ecosystem Services valuation into coastal wetlands restoration: A case study from South Australia. Environmental Science & Policy 116, 220–229.
| Integrating Cultural Ecosystem Services valuation into coastal wetlands restoration: A case study from South Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cloke, P., and Perkins, H. C. (2002). Commodification and adventure in New Zealand tourism. Current Issues in Tourism 5, 521–549.
| Commodification and adventure in New Zealand tourism.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Conifer, D. (2015). Wetlands, swamps ‘hold great potential’ to store carbon, fight climate change. In ABC News, 16 February 2015. Available at https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-02-16/australian-researchers-believe-swamps-could-fight-climate-change/6107624 [Verified 20 April 2019].
Convention on Wetlands (2021). ‘Global wetland outlook: special edition 2021.’ (Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands: Gland, Switzerland.)
Crusz, H. (1973). Nature conservation in Sri Lanka (Ceylon). Biological Conservation 5, 199–208.
| Nature conservation in Sri Lanka (Ceylon).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
de Groot, R., Wilson, M. A., and Davidson, N. (2002). A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services. Ecological Economics 41, 393–408.
| A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Department of Conservation (New Zealand Government) (2012). Magical places – 40 wetlands to visit in New Zealand brochure. Available at https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/habitats/wetlands/wetlands-by-region/magical-places-40-wetlands-to-visit-in-new-zealand-brochure/ [Verified 20 January 2022].
Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Populations and Communities (2011). Moulting Lagoon ecological character description. DSEWPaC, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
Dias, V., and Belcher, K. (2015). Value and provision of ecosystem services from prairie wetlands: A choice experiment approach. Ecosystem Services 15, 35–44.
| Value and provision of ecosystem services from prairie wetlands: A choice experiment approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Diaz-Christiansen, S., López-Guzmán, T., Gálvez, J. C. P., and Fernández, G. A. M. (2016). Wetland tourism in natural protected areas: Santay Island (Ecuador). Tourism Management Perspectives 20, 47–54.
| Wetland tourism in natural protected areas: Santay Island (Ecuador).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Discover Tasmania (2021). Freycinet National Park. (Tourism Tasmania.) Available at https://www.discovertasmania.com.au/about/national-parks-and-wilderness/freycinet-national-park-wineglass-bay [Verified 1 April 2022].
Do, Y., Kim, S. B., Kim, J. Y., and Joo, G. J. (2015a). Wetland-based tourism in South Korea: who, when, and why. Wetlands Ecology and Management 23, 779–787.
| Wetland-based tourism in South Korea: who, when, and why.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Do, Y., Kim, J. Y., Lineman, M., Kim, D., and Joo, G. (2015b). Using internet search behavior to assess public awareness of protected wetlands. Conservation Biology 29, 271–279.
| Using internet search behavior to assess public awareness of protected wetlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25412014PubMed |
Donohoe, H. M., and Needham, R. D. (2008). Internet-based ecotourism marketing: evaluating Canadian sensitivity to ecotourism tenets. Journal of Ecotourism 7, 15–43.
| Internet-based ecotourism marketing: evaluating Canadian sensitivity to ecotourism tenets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Drummond, A. (2017). Protesters take aim at Tasmanian duck season, which opens tomorrow. In The Mercury, 10 March 2017. Available at https://www.themercury.com.au/news/tasmania/protesters-take-aim-at-tasmanian-duck-season-which-opens-tomorrow/news-story/735b828e269409bb631d1dce622fe20f [Verified 1 April 2022].
Duarte, C. M., Dennison, W. C., Orth, R. J., and Carruthers, T. J. (2008). The charisma of coastal ecosystems: addressing the imbalance. Estuaries and Coasts 31, 233–238.
| The charisma of coastal ecosystems: addressing the imbalance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dunmire, K. M. (1994). The Coburg Wetland Self-guided Interpretive Trail: a case study in environmental interpretation planning. M.Sc. Thesis, Geosciences Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
East Coast Tasmania Tourism (2020). East Coast Tasmania Tourism Annual Report 2019–2020. Available at https://eastcoasttourism.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/East-Coast-Tasmania-Tourism-2019-2020-Annual-Report.pdf [Verified 11 January 2022].
Edgar, G. J., Barrett, N. S., and Graddon, D. J. (1999). A classification of Tasmanian estuaries and assessment of their conservation significance using ecological and physical attributes, population and land use. Technical report number 2 TAFI, Hobart, Tas., Australia.
Eisenhauer, N., Bonn, A., and Guerra, C. A. (2019). Recognizing the quiet extinction of invertebrates. Nature Communications 10, 50.
| Recognizing the quiet extinction of invertebrates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30604746PubMed |
Finlayson, C. M., and Rea, N. (1999). Reasons for the loss and degradation of Australian wetlands. Wetlands Ecology and Management 7, 1–11.
| Reasons for the loss and degradation of Australian wetlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Finlayson, C. M., Davidson, N., Pritchard, D., Milton, G. R., and MacKay, H. (2011). The Ramsar Convention and ecosystem-based approaches to the wise use and sustainable development of wetlands. Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy 14, 176–198.
| The Ramsar Convention and ecosystem-based approaches to the wise use and sustainable development of wetlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Finlayson, C., Bartlett, M., Davidson, N., and McInnes, R. (2013). The Ramsar Convention and urban wetlands: an opportunity for wetland education and training. In ‘Workbook for Managing Urban Wetlands in Australia’. (Eds S. Paul.) pp. 34–51. (Sydney Olympic Park Authority: Sydney, NSW, Australia.)
Glamorgan Spring Bay Council (2016). Moulting Lagoon: the lifeblood of the Freycinet Coast. (GSBC.) Available at http://gsbc.tas.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Moulting-Lagoon-Ramsar-Site-Brochure.pdf [Verified 11 October 2019].
Gürlük, S., and Rehber, E. (2008). A travel cost study to estimate recreational value for a bird refuge at Lake Manyas, Turkey. Environmental Management 88, 1350–1360.
Hart, A. G., and Sumner, S. (2020). Marketing insects: can exploiting a commercial framework help promote undervalued insect species? Insect Conservation and Diversity 13, 214–218.
| Marketing insects: can exploiting a commercial framework help promote undervalued insect species?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hettiarachchi, M., Morrison, T. H., and McAlpine, C. (2015). Forty-three years of Ramsar and urban wetlands. Global Environmental Change 32, 57–66.
| Forty-three years of Ramsar and urban wetlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hughes, M., and Morrison-Saunders, A. (2003). Visitor attitudes toward a modified natural attraction. Society & Natural Resources 16, 191–203.
| Visitor attitudes toward a modified natural attraction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ibrahim, I., Aminudin, N., Young, M. A., and Yahya, S. A. I. (2012). Education for wetlands: Public perception in Malaysia. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences 42, 159–165.
| Education for wetlands: Public perception in Malaysia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kairu, J. K. (2001). Wetland use and impact on Lake Victoria, Kenya region. Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management 6, 117–125.
| Wetland use and impact on Lake Victoria, Kenya region.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Khoshkam, M., Marzuki, A., and Arzjani, Z. (2014). Wetland capabilities in enhancing wetland tourism in Gandoman, Iran. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 9, 362–375.
| Wetland capabilities in enhancing wetland tourism in Gandoman, Iran.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kusler, J. A. (2006). Common questions: wetland and ecotourism. (Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc.) Available at https://www.aswm.org/pdf_lib/21_ecotourism_6_26_06.pdf [Verified 11 October 2019].
Lai, P. H., and Shafer, S. (2005). Marketing Ecotourism through the Internet: An Evaluation of Selected Ecolodges in Latin America and the Caribbean. Journal of Ecotourism 4, 143–160.
| Marketing Ecotourism through the Internet: An Evaluation of Selected Ecolodges in Latin America and the Caribbean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lu, Z., Li, Y., and Lu, J. (2009). Designing of scenic spots trail from the angle of ecological protection-a case study of Xixi national wetland park. Journal of Sustainable Development 2, 166–171.
| Designing of scenic spots trail from the angle of ecological protection-a case study of Xixi national wetland park.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Luo, M., Feng, R., and Cai, L. A. (2005). Information search behavior and tourist characteristics: The internet vis-à-vis other information sources. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 17, 15–25.
Mackay, C. M., and Schmitt, M. T. (2019). Do people who feel connected to nature do more to protect it? A meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology 65, 101323.
| Do people who feel connected to nature do more to protect it? A meta-analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McInnes, R. J., Davidson, N. C., Rostron, C. P., Simpson, M., and Finlayson, C. M. (2020). A citizen science state of the world’s wetlands survey. Wetlands 40, 1577–1593.
| A citizen science state of the world’s wetlands survey.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Meng, W., He, M., Hu, B., Mo, X., Li, H., Liu, B., and Wang, Z. (2017). Status of wetlands in China: a review of extent, degradation, issues and recommendations for improvement. Ocean and Coastal Management 146, 50–59.
| Status of wetlands in China: a review of extent, degradation, issues and recommendations for improvement.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). ‘Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: wetlands and water synthesis.’ (Island Press: Washington, DC, USA.)
Miller, J. R. (2005). Biodiversity conservation and the extinction of experience. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20, 430–434.
| Biodiversity conservation and the extinction of experience.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nam, J., Ryu, J., Fluharty, D., Koh, C. H., Dyson, K., Chang, W. K., Choi, H. J., Kang, D., Khim, J. S., and Lee, C. H. (2010). Designation processes for marine protected areas in the coastal wetlands of South Korea. Ocean and Coastal Management 53, 703–710.
| Designation processes for marine protected areas in the coastal wetlands of South Korea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Newell, L. W., and Swallow, S. K. (2013). Real-payment choice experiments: valuing forested wetlands and spatial attributes within a landscape context. Ecological Economics 92, 37–47.
| Real-payment choice experiments: valuing forested wetlands and spatial attributes within a landscape context.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pan, L., Cui, L., and Wu, M. (2010). Tourist behaviors in wetland park: a preliminary study in Xixi National Wetland Park, Hangzhou, China. Chinese Geographical Science 20, 66–73.
| Tourist behaviors in wetland park: a preliminary study in Xixi National Wetland Park, Hangzhou, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Parks and Wildlife Service (2007). Moulting Lagoon Game Reserve (Ramsar Site) Management Plan 2003. Department of Tourism, Arts and the Environment, Hobart, Tas., Australia.
Parks and Wildlife Service (2008). Moulting Lagoon Game Reserve. (PWS Tasmania.) Available at https://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=4319 [Verified 11 October 2019].
Parks and Wildlife Service (2013). Tamar Island. (PWS Tasmania.) Available at https://www.parks.tas.gov.au/?base=1392 [Verified 11 October 2019].
Polajnar, K. (2008). Public awareness of wetlands and their conservation. Acta Geographica Slovenica 48, 121–146.
| Public awareness of wetlands and their conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Prahalad, V. (2017). Talking Point: Coast lovers usually ignore the riches behind our beaches. In The Mercury, 25 March 2017. Available at: https://www.themercury.com.au/news/opinion/talking-point-coast-lovers-usually-ignore-the-riches-behind-our-beaches/news-story/704b48ae928a498ea00fa01271c43c62 [Verified 17 April 2019].
Prahalad, V., and Kirkpatrick, J. B. (2019). Saltmarsh conservation through inventory, biogeographic analysis and predictions of change: Case of Tasmania, south‐eastern Australia. Aquatic Conservation 29, 717–731.
| Saltmarsh conservation through inventory, biogeographic analysis and predictions of change: Case of Tasmania, south‐eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Prahalad, V. N., and Kriwoken, L. K. (2010). Implementation of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in Tasmania, Australia. Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy 13, 205–239.
| Implementation of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in Tasmania, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Prahalad, V., Kirkpatrick, J. B., Aalders, J., Carver, S., Ellison, J., Harrison-Day, V., McQuillan, P., Morrison, B., Richardson, A., and Woehler, E. (2020). Conservation ecology of Tasmanian coastal saltmarshes, south-east Australia–a review. Pacific Conservation Biology 26, 105–129.
| Conservation ecology of Tasmanian coastal saltmarshes, south-east Australia–a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pueyo-Ros, J., Garcia, X., Ribas, A., and Fraguell, R. M. (2018). Ecological restoration of a coastal wetland at a mass tourism destination. Will the recreational value increase or decrease? Ecological Economics 148, 1–14.
| Ecological restoration of a coastal wetland at a mass tourism destination. Will the recreational value increase or decrease?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pyle, R. M. (2003). Nature matrix: reconnecting people and nature. Oryx 37, 206–214.
| Nature matrix: reconnecting people and nature.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ramsar and UN World Tourism Organization (2012). ‘Destination wetlands: supporting sustainable tourism.’ (Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands: Gland, Switzerland; and UNWTO: Madrid, Spain.)
Ramsar Convention Secretariat (2010). Wetland CEPA: The Convention’s Programme on communication, education, participation and awareness (CEPA) 2009–2015. Ramsar handbooks for the wise use of wetlands, 4th edition, vol. 6. Ramsar Convention Secretariat, Gland, Switzerland.
Ramsar Convention Secretariat (2012). Resolution XI.7 Tourism, recreation and wetlands. Available at ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/cop11/res/cop11-res07-e.pdf [Verified 28 June 2021].
Ramsar Convention Secretariat (2015). Wetlands of International Importance. Available at https://www.ramsar.org/document/the-ramsar-conventions-programme-on-communication-capacity-building-education-participation [Verified 26 January 2022].
Reddy, M. S., and Char, N. V. V. (2006). Management of lakes in India. Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management 11, 227–237.
| Management of lakes in India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Reid, M., Wearing, S. L., and Croy, G. (2008). Marketing of protected areas as a tool to influence visitors’ pre-visit decisions. CRC for Sustainable Tourism Pty Ltd, Gold Coast, Australia.
Rossi, S. D., Byrne, J. A., and Pickering, C. M. (2015). The role of distance in peri-urban national park use: who visits them and how far do they travel? Applied Geography 63, 77–88.
| The role of distance in peri-urban national park use: who visits them and how far do they travel?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sangpikul, A. (2010). Marketing ecotourism through the Internet: a case of ecotourism business in Thailand. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration 11, 107–137.
| Marketing ecotourism through the Internet: a case of ecotourism business in Thailand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Soga, M., and Gaston, K. J. (2016). Extinction of experience: the loss of human–nature interactions. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 14, 94–101.
| Extinction of experience: the loss of human–nature interactions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Temby, N., and Crawford, C. M. (2008). Coastal & estuarine resource condition assessment: a baseline survey in the southern NRM region, Tasmania. Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia.
Tourism Tasmania (2019). Tasmanian Tourism Snapshot – year ending September 2019. Available at https://www.tourismtasmania.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/86199/2019-Q3-Tasmanian-Tourism-Snapshot-September-2019-TVS,-IVS-and-NVS....pdf [Verified 20 January 2022].
Wang, W., Chen, J. S., Fan, L., and Lu, J. (2012). Tourist experience and wetland parks: a case of Zhejiang, China. Annals of Tourism Research 39, 1763–1778.
| Tourist experience and wetland parks: a case of Zhejiang, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Weaver, D. B., and Lawton, L. J. (2011). Information sources for visitors’ first awareness of a low profile attraction. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 28, 1–12.
| Information sources for visitors’ first awareness of a low profile attraction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Whitfield, A. K. (2017). The role of seagrass meadows, mangrove forests, salt marshes and reed beds as nursery areas and food sources for fishes in estuaries. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 27, 75–110.
| The role of seagrass meadows, mangrove forests, salt marshes and reed beds as nursery areas and food sources for fishes in estuaries.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wickham, H. (2016). ‘ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis.’ (Springer-Verlag: New York, NY, USA.)
Wilkins, E. J., Sinclair, W., Miller, H. M., and Schuster, R. M. (2019). Does proximity to wetlands matter? A landscape-level analysis of the influence of local wetlands on the public’s concern for ecosystem services and conservation involvement. Wetlands 39, 1271–1280.
| Does proximity to wetlands matter? A landscape-level analysis of the influence of local wetlands on the public’s concern for ecosystem services and conservation involvement.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yorta Yorta Traditional Owner Land Management Board (2020) Joint Management Plan for Barmah National Park. Available at https://yytolmb.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Minister-Approved-Final-Barmah-NP-JMP.pdf [Verified 21 June 2021]
Zedler, J. B., and Kercher, S. (2005). Wetland resources: status, trends, ecosystem services, and restorability. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30, 39–74.
| Wetland resources: status, trends, ecosystem services, and restorability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang, H., and Lei, S. L. (2012). A structural model of residents’ intention to participate in ecotourism: The case of a wetland community Tourism Management 33, 916–925.
| A structural model of residents’ intention to participate in ecotourism: The case of a wetland communityCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhou, N. (2019). ‘Intimidation’: Tasmanian activists say duck hunters left dead wallaby at camp. In The Guardian, 9 March 2019. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/mar/09/intimidation-tasmanian-activists-say-duck-hunters-left-dead-wallaby-at-camp [Verified 26 January 2022].
