Genetic relationships between landlocked and coastal populations of Lycengraulis grossidens (Engraulidae) in south-eastern South America: evidence for a continental colonisation route with secondary transitions to the coastal region
Ana C. G. Mai A C , Lizandra J. Robe B , Luis F. Marins B and João P. Vieira A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Avenida Italia quilômetro 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil.
B Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, FURG, Avenida Italia quilômetro 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil.
C Corresponding author. Email: anacecilia_mai@yahoo.com.br
Marine and Freshwater Research 68(2) 342-351 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF15355
Submitted: 16 September 2015 Accepted: 22 January 2016 Published: 12 April 2016
Abstract
The anchovies of the genus Lycengraulis are the product of an evolutionary transition from a marine to freshwater environment that occurred in South America during the Miocene epoch. Lycengraulis grossidens originated from freshwater lineages and is currently distributed in estuaries and coastal zones. Nevertheless, based on otolith chemistry, there are landlocked individuals in the Uruguay River. The aim of the present study was to investigate the spatiotemporal scenario by which these landlocked individuals reached their current distribution: whether through a north-to-south continental route based on the connection between basins or from the marine environment. To this end, a fragment of the mitochondrial (mt)DNA control region was analysed from individuals collected along freshwater, estuarine and marine environments. We found a significant genetic differentiation between freshwater and coastal (estuarine and marine) populations. Larger haplotype diversities and female effective population size values were found in the coastal population. Nevertheless, the outgroup rooting positioned some Uruguay River haplotypes as hypothetical ancestors in the directed network and as early offshoots in the phylogeny, suggesting the landlocked population as an ancestral lineage. Therefore, the phylogenetic history and biogeography are consistent with a north-to-south continental colonisation route putatively associated with ancient connections between the Amazon and Parana basins followed by new evolutionary transitions to the coastal region associated with Quaternary sea level oscillations.
Additional keywords: anchovies, evolutionary transition, Neotropical fish, Quaternary.
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