Free Standard AU & NZ Shipping For All Book Orders Over $80!
Register      Login
Microbiology Australia Microbiology Australia Society
Microbiology Australia, bringing Microbiologists together
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Faecal microbiota transplantation: a review

Holly A Sinclair A C and Paul Chapman A B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Infectious Diseases Department, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, Qld, Australia

B QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Qld, Australia

C Tel.: +61 7 3646 8111, Email: holly.sinclair@health.qld.gov.au

Microbiology Australia 41(2) 65-69 https://doi.org/10.1071/MA20019
Published: 21 May 2020

Abstract

Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is the transfer of human faeces from a healthy donor to a recipient with a disease associated with gut dysbiosis. Here we review faecal microbiota transplantation as a treatment for Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) and other conditions including decolonisation of multiresistant organisms. Donor selection and screening, adverse events, processing, administration and regulation of FMT are discussed.


References

[1]  Czepiel, J. et al. (2019) Clostridium difficile infection Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 38, 1211–1221.
Clostridium difficile infectionCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30945014PubMed |

[2]  Eiseman, B. et al. (1958) Fecal enema as an adjunct in the treatment of pseudomembranous enterocolitis. Surgery 44, 854–859.
| 13592638PubMed |

[3]  Woodworth, M.H. et al. (2017) Challenges in fecal donor selection and screening for fecal microbiota transplantation: a review. Gut Microbes 8, 225–237.
Challenges in fecal donor selection and screening for fecal microbiota transplantation: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28129018PubMed |

[4]  Staley, C. et al. (2016) Complete microbiota engraftment is not essential for recovery from recurrent Clostridium difficile infection following fecal microbiota transplantation. MBio 7, e01965-16.
Complete microbiota engraftment is not essential for recovery from recurrent Clostridium difficile infection following fecal microbiota transplantation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27999162PubMed |

[5]  Shankar, V. et al. (2014) Species and genus level resolution analysis of gut microbiota in Clostridium difficile patients following fecal microbiota transplantation. Microbiome 2, 13.
Species and genus level resolution analysis of gut microbiota in Clostridium difficile patients following fecal microbiota transplantation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24855561PubMed |

[6]  Jalanka, J. et al. (2016) Long-term effects on luminal and mucosal microbiota and commonly acquired taxa in faecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. BMC Med. 14, 155.
Long-term effects on luminal and mucosal microbiota and commonly acquired taxa in faecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27724956PubMed |

[7]  Trubiano, J.A. et al. (2016) Australasian Society of Infectious Diseases updated guidelines for the management of Clostridium difficile infection in adults and children in Australia and New Zealand. Intern. Med. J. 46, 479–493.
Australasian Society of Infectious Diseases updated guidelines for the management of Clostridium difficile infection in adults and children in Australia and New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27062204PubMed |

[8]  van Nood, E. et al. (2013) Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile. N. Engl. J. Med. 368, 407–415.
Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23323867PubMed |

[9]  Cammarota, G. et al. (2015) Randomised clinical trial: faecal microbiota transplantation by colonoscopy vs. vancomycin for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 41, 835–843.
Randomised clinical trial: faecal microbiota transplantation by colonoscopy vs. vancomycin for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25728808PubMed |

[10]  Quraishi, M.N. et al. (2017) Systematic review with meta-analysis: the efficacy of faecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of recurrent and refractory Clostridium difficile infection. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 46, 479–493.
Systematic review with meta-analysis: the efficacy of faecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of recurrent and refractory Clostridium difficile infection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28707337PubMed |

[11]  (2019) eTG complete. www.tg.org.au

[12]  Mullish, B.H. et al. (2018) The use of faecal microbiota transplant as treatment for recurrent or refractory Clostridium difficile infection and other potential indications: joint British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and Healthcare Infection Society (HIS) guidelines. J. Hosp. Infect. 100, S1–S31.
The use of faecal microbiota transplant as treatment for recurrent or refractory Clostridium difficile infection and other potential indications: joint British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and Healthcare Infection Society (HIS) guidelines.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30173851PubMed |

[13]  Cammarota, G. et al. (2017) European consensus conference on faecal microbiota transplantation in clinical practice. Gut 66, 569–580.
European consensus conference on faecal microbiota transplantation in clinical practice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28087657PubMed |

[14]  McDonald, L.C. et al. (2018) Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults and children: 2017 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). Clin. Infect. Dis. 66, 987–994.
Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults and children: 2017 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29562266PubMed |

[15]  Baxter, M. and Colville, A. (2016) Adverse events in faecal microbiota transplant: a review of the literature. J. Hosp. Infect. 92, 117–127.
Adverse events in faecal microbiota transplant: a review of the literature.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26803556PubMed |

[16]  van Beurden, Y.H. et al. (2017) Complications, effectiveness, and long term follow-up of fecal microbiota transfer by nasoduodenal tube for treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. United European Gastroenterol. J. 5, 868–879.
Complications, effectiveness, and long term follow-up of fecal microbiota transfer by nasoduodenal tube for treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29026601PubMed |

[17]  Baxter, M. et al. (2015) Fatal aspiration pneumonia as a complication of fecal microbiota transplant. Clin. Infect. Dis. 61, 136–137.
Fatal aspiration pneumonia as a complication of fecal microbiota transplant.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25805303PubMed |

[18]  Friedman-Korn, T. et al. (2018) Fecal transplantation for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection in elderly and debilitated patients. Dig. Dis. Sci. 63, 198–203.
Fecal transplantation for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection in elderly and debilitated patients.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29134299PubMed |

[19]  DeFilipp, Z. et al. (2019) Drug-resistant E. coli bacteremia transmitted by fecal microbiota transplant. N. Engl. J. Med. 381, 2043–2050.
Drug-resistant E. coli bacteremia transmitted by fecal microbiota transplant.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31665575PubMed |

[20]  Luo, Y. et al. (2020) Fecal microbiota transplantation for Clostridioides difficile in high-risk older adults is associated with early recurrence. Dig. Dis. Sci. , .
Fecal microbiota transplantation for Clostridioides difficile in high-risk older adults is associated with early recurrence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 32078714PubMed |

[21]  Jalanka, J. et al. (2018) The long-term effects of faecal microbiota transplantation for gastrointestinal symptoms and general health in patients with recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 47, 371–379.
The long-term effects of faecal microbiota transplantation for gastrointestinal symptoms and general health in patients with recurrent Clostridium difficile infection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29226561PubMed |

[22]  Costello, S.P. et al. (2016) Establishing a fecal microbiota transplant service for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 62, 908–914.
Establishing a fecal microbiota transplant service for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26628567PubMed |

[23]  Haifer, C. et al. (2020) Australian consensus statements for the regulation, production and use of faecal microbiota transplantation in clinical practice. Gut 69, 801–810.
Australian consensus statements for the regulation, production and use of faecal microbiota transplantation in clinical practice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 32047093PubMed |

[24]  Papanicolas, L.E. et al. (2019) Bacterial viability in faecal transplants: which bacteria survive? EBioMedicine 41, 509–516.
Bacterial viability in faecal transplants: which bacteria survive?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30796005PubMed |

[25]  Costello, S.P. et al. (2015) Faecal microbiota transplant for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection using long-term frozen stool is effective: clinical efficacy and bacterial viability data. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 42, 1011–1018.
Faecal microbiota transplant for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection using long-term frozen stool is effective: clinical efficacy and bacterial viability data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26264455PubMed |

[26]  Staley, C. et al. (2017) Successful resolution of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection using freeze-dried, encapsulated fecal microbiota; pragmatic cohort study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 112, 940–947.
Successful resolution of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection using freeze-dried, encapsulated fecal microbiota; pragmatic cohort study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28195180PubMed |

[27]  Jiang, Z.D. et al. (2017) Randomised clinical trial: faecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridum difficile infection – fresh, or frozen, or lyophilised microbiota from a small pool of healthy donors delivered by colonoscopy. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 45, 899–908.
Randomised clinical trial: faecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridum difficile infection – fresh, or frozen, or lyophilised microbiota from a small pool of healthy donors delivered by colonoscopy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28220514PubMed |

[28]  Jiang, Z.D. et al. (2018) Safety and preliminary efficacy of orally administered lyophilized fecal microbiota product compared with frozen product given by enema for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: a randomized clinical trial. PLoS One 13, e0205064.
Safety and preliminary efficacy of orally administered lyophilized fecal microbiota product compared with frozen product given by enema for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: a randomized clinical trial.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30388112PubMed |

[29]  Kao, D. et al. (2017) Effect of Oral capsule- vs colonoscopy-delivered fecal microbiota transplantation on recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 318, 1985–1993.
Effect of Oral capsule- vs colonoscopy-delivered fecal microbiota transplantation on recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: a randomized clinical trial.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29183074PubMed |

[30]  Ianiro, G. et al. (2018) Efficacy of different faecal microbiota transplantation protocols for Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. United European Gastroenterol. J. 6, 1232–1244.
Efficacy of different faecal microbiota transplantation protocols for Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30288286PubMed |

[31]  Kelly, C.R. et al. (2017) The AGA’s Fecal Microbiota Transplantation National Registry: an important step toward understanding risks and benefits of microbiota therapeutics. Gastroenterology 152, 681–684.
The AGA’s Fecal Microbiota Transplantation National Registry: an important step toward understanding risks and benefits of microbiota therapeutics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28143773PubMed |

[32]  Cammarota, G. et al. (2019) International consensus conference on stool banking for faecal microbiota transplantation in clinical practice. Gut 68, 2111–2121.
International consensus conference on stool banking for faecal microbiota transplantation in clinical practice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31563878PubMed |

[33]  Laffin, M. et al. (2017) Fecal microbial transplantation as a therapeutic option in patients colonized with antibiotic resistant organisms. Gut Microbes 8, 221–224.
Fecal microbial transplantation as a therapeutic option in patients colonized with antibiotic resistant organisms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28059612PubMed |

[34]  Huttner, B.D. et al. (2019) A 5-day course of oral antibiotics followed by faecal transplantation to eradicate carriage of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: a randomized clinical trial. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 25, 830–838.
A 5-day course of oral antibiotics followed by faecal transplantation to eradicate carriage of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: a randomized clinical trial.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30616014PubMed |

[35]  Tacconelli, E. et al. (2019) ESCMID-EUCIC clinical guidelines on decolonization of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria carriers. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 25, 807–817.
ESCMID-EUCIC clinical guidelines on decolonization of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria carriers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30708122PubMed |