The phylogenetic relationships among species of the potter wasp genera Minixi and Pachyminixi were investigated. As a result, Pachyminixi was synonymised under Minixi, corroborating hypotheses previously addressed elsewhere. This contribution is an addition to the continued systematic revision of the Neotropical Eumeninae, whose generic classification progresses onto a natural one.

This is the first comprehensive morphological and molecular revision of millipedes in Australia. Clarification of the status of two similar genera in South Australia revealed high genetic and morphological variability and highlights the Mount Lofty Ranges as a biodiversity hotspot for short-range endemic millipedes. One of the rare phylogenetic studies on invertebrates with low dispersal ability in Southern Australia is provided here, indicating multiple glacial refugia.

Recent studies have indicated that mountainous regions within southern Africa harbour a wealth of undiscovered freshwater crab diversity. In this study, morphological and genetic analyses were used to explore relationships between two sister mountain- living freshwater crab species, revealing the presence of a new species. These results indicate the continued importance of sampling mountain habitats to document aquatic invertebrate diversity.

Among crustaceans, sexual dimorphism in the upper lip is only known in a group of ostracods where males use it during the courtship. Strong sexual selection posed on this structure results in a variety of forms. Comparative morphology and molecular markers show that genetically closely related species develop the lip in a similar manner, indicating speciation events, and that the most impacted part is the area which first comes into the contact with females.

The south-west of Western Australia is a globally recognised hotspot of plant biodiversity, but the insects that rely on these plants are little understood. Here, we name and describe new species of insects that induce galls on eucalypts in this region. The insects are host specific, suggesting that there are likely to be more species yet to be discovered by scientists.

Parasitic flies in the family Tachinidae have rapidly diversified, making it difficult to define taxonomic groups. We used information from external form and gene sequences to redefine and characterise one particularly problematic group of tachinid flies, the genus Winthemia and its relatives. This work establishes an evolutionary framework that will aid in future taxonomic work and our understanding of this important and widespread group of insect parasites.

The nudibranch Fiona pinnata occurs only on floating objects and is found globally throughout temperate and tropical waters. Historically it has been considered a single cosmopolitan species, but this study was the first to examine this invertebrate using molecular techniques. DNA sequence data from specimens collected worldwide revealed a cryptic species complex composed of three distinct lineages, which were distributed in concordance with oceanic currents and temperature.