Genetic and morphological evidence for a new mountain-living freshwater crab species (Decapoda : Potamonautidae : Potamonautes) from the Western Cape province of South Africa
Louisa E. Wood A B and Savel R. Daniels A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
B Corresponding author. Email: lewood@sun.ac.za
Invertebrate Systematics 30(3) 219-230 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS15051
Submitted: 2 November 2015 Accepted: 28 January 2016 Published: 29 June 2016
Abstract
Recent studies in southern Africa have revealed a wealth of novel freshwater crab species in high mountainous regions. In the present study, phylogeographic affinities between two sister mountain-living freshwater crab species (Potamonautes brincki and P. parvicorpus) were examined for novel lineages. Seventy-six crab specimens were collected throughout the Western Cape Province of South Africa and sequenced for the COI locus. Evolutionary relationships were analysed using Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony, a haplotype network and analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA). Results revealed three divergent clades. Clade A comprised specimens of P. brincki restricted to the Hottentots Holland; sister to which was Clade B from the Overberg, while Clade C comprised specimens of P. parvicorpus from the Cape Peninsula and adjacent interior. Haplotype networks and AMOVA provide evidence for the absence of gene flow whilst morphology of the male gonopods and the mandibular palp revealed subtle but consistent differences between the three clades. Since Clades A and C represent two described species, P. brincki and P. parvicorpus, respectively, Clade B is herein described as a new species, P. tuerkayi, sp. nov. These results highlight the importance of continued sampling of mountain habitats to document aquatic invertebrate diversity.
Additional keywords: freshwater biodiversity, molecular systematics, novel species, southern African freshwater crabs.
References
Akaike, H. (1973). Information theory as an extension of maximum likelihood principle. In ‘Second International Symposium on Information Theory’. (Eds B. N. Petrov and F. Caski.) pp. 267–281. (Akademiai Kiado: Budapest, Hungary.)Barber, B., Xu, J., Pérez-Losada, M., Jara, C. G., and Crandall, K. A. (2012). Conflicting evolutionary patterns due to mitochondrial introgression and multilocus phylogeography of the Patagonian freshwater crab Aegla neuquensis. PLoS One 7, e37105.
| Conflicting evolutionary patterns due to mitochondrial introgression and multilocus phylogeography of the Patagonian freshwater crab Aegla neuquensis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XptlWjsbw%3D&md5=cd0aebfc27ea073d3c62cabfeb17d850CAS | 22685541PubMed |
Clement, M. D., Posada, D., and Crandall, K. A. (2000). TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Molecular Ecology 9, 1657–1659.
| TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXnvV2gtbw%3D&md5=e49e12cd98564c97d93802097f5a4308CAS |
Costa, F. O., deWaard, J. R., Boutillier, J., Ratnasingham, S., Dooh, R. T., Hajibabaei, M., and Hebert, P. D. N. (2007). Biological identifications through DNA barcodes: the case of the Crustacea. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64, 272–295.
| Biological identifications through DNA barcodes: the case of the Crustacea.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXlt1Gqsbo%3D&md5=b2081ee2459312ed7c591eb7eddf6c27CAS |
Daniels, S. R. (2003). Examining the genetic structure among populations of the common Cape river crab Potamonautes perlatus from river systems in South Africa reveals hydrographic boundaries. Journal of Crustacean Biology 23, 936–950.
| Examining the genetic structure among populations of the common Cape river crab Potamonautes perlatus from river systems in South Africa reveals hydrographic boundaries.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Daniels, S. R. (2011). Reconstructing the colonisation and diversification history of the endemic freshwater crab (Seychellum alluaudi) in the granitic and volcanic Seychelles Archipelago. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61, 534–542.
| Reconstructing the colonisation and diversification history of the endemic freshwater crab (Seychellum alluaudi) in the granitic and volcanic Seychelles Archipelago.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21824522PubMed |
Daniels, S. R., and Bayliss, J. (2012). Neglected refugia of biodiversity: mountainous regions in Mozambique and Malawi yield two novel freshwater crab species (Potamonautidae: Potamonautes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 164, 498–509.
| Neglected refugia of biodiversity: mountainous regions in Mozambique and Malawi yield two novel freshwater crab species (Potamonautidae: Potamonautes).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Daniels, S. R., Stewart, B. A., and Gibbons, M. J. (1998). Potamonautes granularis sp. nov. (Brachyura, Potamonautidae), a new cryptic species of river crab from the Olifants River system, South Africa. Crustaceana 71, 885–903.
| Potamonautes granularis sp. nov. (Brachyura, Potamonautidae), a new cryptic species of river crab from the Olifants River system, South Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Daniels, S. R., Stewart, B. A., and Gibbons, M. J. (1999). Genetic structure among populations of Potamonautes perlatus (Decapoda: Potamonautidae) from the Olifants River system in the Western Cape, South Africa. Journal of Zoology 249, 137–142.
| Genetic structure among populations of Potamonautes perlatus (Decapoda: Potamonautidae) from the Olifants River system in the Western Cape, South Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Daniels, S. R., Stewart, B. A., and Burmeister, L. (2001). Geographic patterns of genetic and morphological divergence among populations of a river crab (Decapoda, Potamonautidae) with the description of a new species from mountain streams in the Western Cape, South Africa. Zoologica Scripta 30, 181–197.
| Geographic patterns of genetic and morphological divergence among populations of a river crab (Decapoda, Potamonautidae) with the description of a new species from mountain streams in the Western Cape, South Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Daniels, S. R., Stewart, B. A., and Cook, P. A. (2002a). Congruent patterns of genetic variation in a burrowing freshwater crab revealed by allozymes and mtDNA sequence analysis. Hydrobiologia 468, 171–179.
| Congruent patterns of genetic variation in a burrowing freshwater crab revealed by allozymes and mtDNA sequence analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xks12rt7s%3D&md5=9e2d0206c76f960fdc8e5c101234a352CAS |
Daniels, S. R., Stewart, B. A., Gouws, G., Cunningham, M., and Matthee, C. A. (2002b). Phylogenetic relationships of the southern African freshwater crab fauna (Decapoda: Potamonautidae: Potamonautes) derived from multiple data sets reveal biogeographic patterning. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25, 511–523.
| Phylogenetic relationships of the southern African freshwater crab fauna (Decapoda: Potamonautidae: Potamonautes) derived from multiple data sets reveal biogeographic patterning.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xosl2gtbw%3D&md5=489f31cd86efe550d90310301f82a260CAS | 12450755PubMed |
Daniels, S. R., Gouws, G., Stewart, B. A., and Coke, M. (2003a). Molecular and morphometric data demonstrate the presence of cryptic lineages among freshwater crabs (Decapoda: Potamonautidae: Potamonautes) from the Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London 78, 129–147.
| Molecular and morphometric data demonstrate the presence of cryptic lineages among freshwater crabs (Decapoda: Potamonautidae: Potamonautes) from the Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Daniels, S. R., Gouws, G., and Crandall, K. A. (2006). Phylogeographic patterning in a freshwater crab species (Decapoda: Potamonautidae: Potamonautes) reveals the signature of historical climatic oscillations. Journal of Biogeography 33, 1538–1549.
| Phylogeographic patterning in a freshwater crab species (Decapoda: Potamonautidae: Potamonautes) reveals the signature of historical climatic oscillations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Daniels, S. R., Phiri, E. E., and Bayliss, J. (2014). Renewed sampling of inland aquatic habitats in southern Africa yields two novel freshwater crab species (Decapoda: Potamonautidae: Potamonautes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 171, 356–369.
| Renewed sampling of inland aquatic habitats in southern Africa yields two novel freshwater crab species (Decapoda: Potamonautidae: Potamonautes).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Daniels, S. R., Phiri, E. E., Klaus, S., Albrecht, C., and Cumberlidge, N. (2015). Multilocus phylogeny of the Afrotropical freshwater crab fauna reveals historical drainage connectivity and transoceanic dispersal since the Eocene. Systematic Biology 64, 549–567.
| Multilocus phylogeny of the Afrotropical freshwater crab fauna reveals historical drainage connectivity and transoceanic dispersal since the Eocene.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25649930PubMed |
Darriba, D., Taboada, G. L., Doallo, R., and Posada, D. (2012). jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nature Methods 9, 772.
| jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtFWmsbfP&md5=b326576d8549dc5561e70b14d1339c77CAS | 22847109PubMed |
Drummond, A. J., Rambaut, A., and Suchard, M. (2009). BEAST, Version 1.5.2. Available at: http://code.google.com/p/beast-mcmc/
Excoffier, L., and Lischer, H. E. L. (2010). Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analysis under Linux and Windows. Molecular Ecology Resources 10, 564–567.
| Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analysis under Linux and Windows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21565059PubMed |
Felsenstein, J. (1985). Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39, 783–791.
| Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R., and Vreijenhoek, R. (1994). DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 3, 294–299.
| 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXjt12gtLs%3D&md5=3ed3b40952948838a8ebb6c4cd36ee0cCAS | 7881515PubMed |
Fu, Y. X. (1997). Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations against population growth, hitchhiking and background selection. Genetics 147, 915–925.
| 1:STN:280:DyaK2svns1egtQ%3D%3D&md5=3558c5bff43eb047ed826c0989de906dCAS | 9335623PubMed |
Goldstein, P. Z., De Salle, R., Amato, G., and Vogel, A. P. (2000). Conservation genetics at the species boundary. Conservation Biology 14, 120–131.
| Conservation genetics at the species boundary.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gouws, G., Stewart, B. A., and Reavell, P. E. (2001). A new species of freshwater crab (Decapoda: Potamonautidae) from the swamp forests of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: biochemical and morphological evidence. Crustaceana 74, 137–160.
| A new species of freshwater crab (Decapoda: Potamonautidae) from the swamp forests of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: biochemical and morphological evidence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gouws, G., Stewart, B. A., and Daniels, S. R. (2004). Cryptic species within the freshwater isopod Mesamphisopus capensis (Phreatoicidea: Amphisopodidae) in the Western Cape, South Africa: allozyme and 12S rRNA sequence data and morphometric evidence. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London 81, 235–253.
| Cryptic species within the freshwater isopod Mesamphisopus capensis (Phreatoicidea: Amphisopodidae) in the Western Cape, South Africa: allozyme and 12S rRNA sequence data and morphometric evidence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gouws, G., Matthee, C. A., and Stewart, B. A. (2010). A multiple data set phylogeny for the endemic South African freshwater phreatoicidean isopod genus Mesamphisopus: taxonomic and biogeographic implications. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55, 541–551.
| A multiple data set phylogeny for the endemic South African freshwater phreatoicidean isopod genus Mesamphisopus: taxonomic and biogeographic implications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3c3jt1aquw%3D%3D&md5=b8ce535b069b9f0fef6605eab5a72399CAS | 20096796PubMed |
Hebert, P. D. N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S. L., and de Waard, J. R. (2003). Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings. Biological Sciences 270, 313–321.
| Biological identifications through DNA barcodes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXktVWiu7g%3D&md5=904238732c30945c696346552627a647CAS |
Langor, D. W., and Sperling, F. A. H. (1997). Mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence in weevils of the Pissodes strobi species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Insect Molecular Biology 6, 255–265.
| Mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence in weevils of the Pissodes strobi species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXlsVCrs7Y%3D&md5=cff0d5d32e4cac7f825de7654f0046a3CAS | 9272443PubMed |
Matzen da Silva, J., Creer, J., dos Santos, A., Costa, A. C., Cunha, M. R., Costa, F. O., and Carvalho, G. R. (2011). Systematic and evolutionary insights derived from mtDNA COI barcode diversity in the Decapoda (Crustacea: Malacostraca). PLoS One 6, e19449.
| Systematic and evolutionary insights derived from mtDNA COI barcode diversity in the Decapoda (Crustacea: Malacostraca).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXmtlKlurs%3D&md5=2fb50fb60b214f3358660362291ab8a1CAS | 21589909PubMed |
Mayr, E. (1964). ‘Animal species and Evolution. ’. (Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA.)
McDonald, D. E., and Daniels, S. R. (2012). Phylogeography of the Cape velvet worm (Onycophora: Peripatopsis capensis) reveals the impact of Plio/Pleistocene climatic oscillations on Afromontane forest in the Western Cape, South Africa. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25, 824–835.
| Phylogeography of the Cape velvet worm (Onycophora: Peripatopsis capensis) reveals the impact of Plio/Pleistocene climatic oscillations on Afromontane forest in the Western Cape, South Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38vmtlCntA%3D%3D&md5=86ff568bba87a89054482336b633f5a9CAS | 22409213PubMed |
Miller, M. A., Pfeifer, W., and Schwartz, T. (2010). Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In ‘Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE) New Orleans LA 14 Nov. 1–8’.
Mishler, B. D., and Theriot, E. (2000). The phylogenetic species concept sensu Mishler and Theriot: monophyly, apomorphy, and phylogenetic species concepts. In ‘Species Concepts and Phylogenetic Theory: a Debate’. (Eds Q. D. Wheeler and R. Meier.) pp. 44–54. (Columbia University Press: NY.)
Nylander, J. A. A., Wilgenbusch, J. C., Warren, D. L., and Swofford, D. L. (2008). AWYT (are we there yet?): a system for graphical exploration of MCMC convergence in Bayesian phylogenetics. Bioinformatics 24, 581–583.
| AWYT (are we there yet?): a system for graphical exploration of MCMC convergence in Bayesian phylogenetics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXitVKis7g%3D&md5=94e29c8232a595fd8348fcced96a52f1CAS |
Peer, N., Perissinotto, R., Gouws, G., and Miranda, N. A. F. (2015). Description of a new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838, from the iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa. ZooKeys 503, 23–43.
| Description of a new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838, from the iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26019669PubMed |
Phiri, E. E., and Daniels, S. R. (2013). Hidden in the highlands: the description and phylogenetic positioning of a novel endemic freshwater crab species (Potamonautidae: Potamonautes) from Zimbabwe. Invertebrate Systematics 27, 530–539.
| Hidden in the highlands: the description and phylogenetic positioning of a novel endemic freshwater crab species (Potamonautidae: Potamonautes) from Zimbabwe.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Phiri, E. E., and Daniels, S. R. (2014). Disentangling the divergence and cladogenesis in the freshwater crab species (Potamonautidae: Potamonautes perlatus sensu lato) in the Cape Fold Mountains, South Africa, with the description of two novel cryptic lineages. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 170, 310–332.
| Disentangling the divergence and cladogenesis in the freshwater crab species (Potamonautidae: Potamonautes perlatus sensu lato) in the Cape Fold Mountains, South Africa, with the description of two novel cryptic lineages.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Phiri, E. E., and Daniels, S. R. (2016). Multilocus coalescent species delimitation reveals widespread cryptic differentiation among Drakensberg mountain-living freshwater crabs (Decapoda: Potamonautes). Invertebrate Systematics 30, 60–74.
| Multilocus coalescent species delimitation reveals widespread cryptic differentiation among Drakensberg mountain-living freshwater crabs (Decapoda: Potamonautes).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ronquist, F., and Huelsenbeck, J. P. (2003). MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19, 1572–1574.
| MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXntlKms7k%3D&md5=eb4d9b9211c4f59088b8e30c23025081CAS | 12912839PubMed |
Stamatakis, A. (2006). RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics 22, 2688–2690.
| RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtFKlsbfI&md5=75f7f4dcbee031d89a4fac72e69aca2fCAS | 16928733PubMed |
Stamatakis, A., Hoover, P., and Rougemont, J. (2008). A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML Web servers. Systematic Biology 57, 758–771.
| A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML Web servers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18853362PubMed |
Stewart, B. (1992). Morphological and genetic differentiation between allopatric populations of the freshwater amphipod. Journal of Zoology 228, 287–305.
| Morphological and genetic differentiation between allopatric populations of the freshwater amphipod.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stewart, B. (1997). Morphological and genetic differentiation between populations of river crabs (Decapoda: Potamonautidae) from the Western Cape, South Africa, with a taxonomic re-examination of Gecarcinautes brinki. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 119, 1–21.
| Morphological and genetic differentiation between populations of river crabs (Decapoda: Potamonautidae) from the Western Cape, South Africa, with a taxonomic re-examination of Gecarcinautes brinki.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Swofford, D. L. (2002). ‘PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (and other Methods).’ Version 4.0b10. (Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.)
Thompson, J. D., Gibson, T. J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F., and Higgins, D. G. (1997). The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Research 25, 4876–4882.
| The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXntFyntQ%3D%3D&md5=8581e86bc906dce14b2b746bc9a7ce44CAS | 9396791PubMed |
Wishart, M. J., and Hughes, J. M. (2001). Exploring patterns of population subdivision in the net-winged midge, Elporia barnardi (Diptera: Blephariceridae), in mountain streams of the south-western Cape, South Africa. Freshwater Biology 46, 479–490.
| Exploring patterns of population subdivision in the net-winged midge, Elporia barnardi (Diptera: Blephariceridae), in mountain streams of the south-western Cape, South Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjslSmsbs%3D&md5=0e9af3326e7a9b308db25779e9abcbfbCAS |
