One Antarctic slug to confuse them all: the underestimated diversity of Doris kerguelenensis
Paige J. Maroni
A B * , Bill J. Baker C , Amy L. Moran D , H. Arthur Woods E , Conxita Avila F , Glenn J. Johnstone G , Jonathan S. Stark G , Kevin M. Kocot H , Susanne Lockhart I , Thomas Saucède J , Greg W. Rouse K and Nerida G. Wilson A B K L
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A The University of Western Australia, School of Biological Sciences (M092), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
B Western Australian Museum, Research & Collections, 49 Kew Street, Welshpool, WA 6106, Australia.
C University of South Florida, Department of Chemistry (CHE 205), 4202 East Fowler Street, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
D University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, School of Life Sciences (EDM 216), 2538 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
E University of Montana, Division of Biological Sciences (HS 104), 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MN 59812, USA.
F University of Barcelona, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), Diagonal Avenida 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
G Australian Antarctic Division, Environmental Protection Program, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tas. 7050, Australia.
H University of Alabama, Department of Biological Sciences and Alabama Museum of Natural History, 500 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
I California Academy of Sciences, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
J Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Biogéosciences, 6 Gabriel Boulevard, UMR 6282 CNRS, F-21000 Dijon, France.
K University of California San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
L Securing Antarctica’s Environmental Future, Western Australian Museum, 49 Kew Street, Welshpool, WA 6106, Australia.
Invertebrate Systematics 36(5) 419-435 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS21073
Submitted: 22 October 2021 Accepted: 24 March 2022 Published: 1 June 2022
© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
The Antarctic marine environment, although rich in life, is predicted to experience rapid and significant effects from climate change. Despite a revolution in the approaches used to document biodiversity, less than one percent of Antarctic marine invertebrates are represented by DNA barcodes and we are at risk of losing biodiversity before discovery. The ease of sequencing mitochondrial DNA barcodes has promoted this relatively ‘universal’ species identification system across most metazoan phyla and barcode datasets are currently readily used for exploring questions of species-level taxonomy. Here we present the most well-sampled phylogeny of the direct-developing, Southern Ocean nudibranch mollusc, Doris kerguelenensis to date. This study sampled over 1000 new Doris kerguelenensis specimens spanning the Southern Ocean and sequenced the mitochondrial COI gene. Results of a maximum likelihood phylogeny and multiple subsequent species delimitation analyses identified 27 new species in this complex (now 59 in total). Using rarefaction techniques, we infer more species are yet to be discovered. Some species were only collected from southern South America or the sub-Antarctic islands, while at least four species were found spanning the Polar Front. This is contrary to dispersal predictions for species without a larval stage such as Doris kerguelenensis. Our work demonstrates the value of increasing geographic scope in sampling and highlights what could be lost given the current global biodiversity crisis.
Keywords:
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