A phylogeny of long-tongued horse flies (Diptera : Tabanidae : Philoliche) with the first cladistic review of higher relationships within the family
Shelah I. MoritaA Population Biology Graduate Group, University of California, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
B Present address: Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 South Africa. Email: simorita@ncsu.edu
Invertebrate Systematics 22(3) 311-327 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS07005
Submitted: 2 March 2007 Accepted: 16 April 2008 Published: 18 June 2008
Abstract
Long-tongued horse flies (Diptera : Tabanidae : Pangoniinae) have proboscis lengths at least as long as their heads, the longest belonging to the Old World genus Philoliche (Wiedemann, 1820). These long proboscides are used to probe for nectar in deep-throated flowers. For some flower species, these flies are the only known pollinators. Although horse flies are both vectors of disease and important pollinators, there has been no previous study of phylogenetic relationships below the subfamily level. The first comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis for Philoliche (and consequently, Tabanidae) based on molecular data from one nuclear (CAD) and one mitochondrial (COI) gene is presented here. Using an exemplar approach, species from eight of nine tribes in all three subfamilies in Tabanidae were sampled, giving some of the first insights into relationships among the family as a whole. All nine subgenera of Philoliche, and multiple geographic representatives of the subgenus P. (Philoliche) (Wiedemann, 1820) in southern Africa were also sampled. Within the subgenus Philoliche, molecular support was found for a previously synonymised species. In general, these analyses sustain earlier intuitive classifications, but do not support the monophyly of all currently recognised subfamilies.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Jonathan Coville, Bruce Anderson, Craig Peter, Brian Spitzer, Kate Watermeyer, Clinton Carbutt, Craig McKune, and Rika DuPlessie for help in the field; Steven Johnson, my Fulbright sponsor at the University of KwaZulu Natal, for in-kind support and advice; Mike Picker, his laboratory in Zoology, and William Bond and the Botany Department for in-kind support and daily tea at the University of Cape Town; Catherine and Sheldon Conway for assistance and permission to collect on the Shaw Farm; the owners of Richmond Farm for permission to collect; Johan Esterhuisen for help collecting and the loan of H-Traps from the Hellsgate Tsetse Fly Research Station in St Lucia; to the Eastern Cape Nature Conservation, KwaZulu Natal Wildlife, the Cape Nature Conservation, and Limpopo Provincial Authority for collection permits; Natal Museum and Brian Stuckenberg, for in-kind support and kind advice. Thanks also to Matthew Buffington and two anonymous reviewers for comments on the manuscript. This research was completed in partial fulfillment of the Ph.D. Dissertation of the author in the Population Biology Graduate Group, UC Davis. Funding was provided by grants to the author from the Center for Population Biology, the National Science Foundation (DEB 0183288), and the USA Fulbright Program.
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