Synthesis, characterisation and aquatic ecotoxicity of the UV filter hexyl 2-(4-diethylamino-2-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoate (DHHB) and its chlorinated by-products
Gorica Grbović A , Olga Malev B C , Darko Dolenc D , Roberta Sauerborn Klobučar E , Želimira Cvetković F , Bruno Cvetković F , Branimir Jovančićević G and Polonca Trebše C H I
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Center for Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy (ICTM), University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, RS-11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
B Clinical Research Department, Children’s Hospital Srebrnjak, Srebrnjak 100, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
C Laboratory Nova Gorica, Laboratory for Environmental Research, University of Nova Gorica, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia.
D Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
E Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
F Institute of Public Health ‘Dr Andrija Štampar’, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
G Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12–16, RS-11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
H Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
I Corresponding author. Email: polonca.trebse@zf.uni-lj.si
Environmental Chemistry 13(1) 119-126 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN15013
Submitted: 15 January 2015 Accepted: 26 March 2015 Published: 15 September 2015
Environmental context. Various UV-filtering chemicals are added to sunscreens in order to protect humans from the harmful effects of the sun. As a consequence of disinfection processes in swimming pools, sunscreen components may be chlorinated and change their structure and properties, leading to derivatives with higher toxicity. The safety of sunscreen components as well as that of their transformation products during their use requires further study.
Abstract. In this work is presented a synthesis pathway for the UV filter hexyl 2-(4-diethylamino-2-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoate (DHHB) and its chlorinated by-products in order to investigate the transformation behaviour and toxicity changes of DHHB during chlorination disinfection treatment. Acute toxicity was measured using standardised tests with aquatic model organisms. The potency of DHHB was compared with other benzophenone-like UV filters tested in the same experimental set-up. The toxicity of chlorinated compounds tested with photobacteria was found to be in a similar range to that of the starting compound. Microalgae were more sensitive to DHHB than to its chlorinated by-products, whereas daphnids were affected more by DHHB’s chlorinated products. The comparative toxicity data showed DHHB and even more its chlorinated by-products as more highly biologically potent to daphnids than other tested UV filters. The toxic potential of benzophenone-like UV filters should be interpreted together with data on their chemical properties, chlorination effects and affected organisms.
Additional keywords: chlorination, comparative toxicity, daphnids, microalgae.
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