Arsenic speciation in food chains from mid-Atlantic hydrothermal vents
Vivien F. Taylor A F , Brian P. Jackson A , Matthew R. Siegfried B , Jana Navratilova C , Kevin A. Francesconi D , Julie Kirshtein E and Mary Voytek E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Trace Element Analysis Core HB 6105 Fairchild Hall Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
B Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0225, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
C Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, CZ-61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
D Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
E US Geological Survey, MS 430, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, VA 20192, USA.
F Corresponding author. Email: vivien.f.taylor@dartmouth.edu
Environmental Chemistry 9(2) 130-138 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN11134
Submitted: 22 October 2011 Accepted: 17 January 2012 Published: 4 May 2012
Environmental context. Arsenic occurs in marine organisms at high levels and in many chemical forms. A common explanation of this phenomenon is that algae play the central role in accumulating arsenic by producing arsenic-containing sugars that are then converted into simpler organic arsenic compounds found in fish and other marine animals. We show that animals in deep-sea vent ecosystems, which are uninhabited by algae, contain the same organic arsenic compounds as do pelagic animals, indicating that algae are not the only source of these compounds.
Abstract. Arsenic concentration and speciation were determined in benthic fauna collected from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vents. The shrimp species, Rimicaris exoculata, the vent chimney-dwelling mussel, Bathymodiolus azoricus, Branchipolynoe seepensis, a commensal worm of B. azoricus and the gastropod Peltospira smaragdina showed variations in As concentration and in stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) signature between species, suggesting different sources of As uptake. Arsenic speciation showed arsenobetaine to be the dominant species in R. exoculata, whereas in B. azoricus and B. seepensis arsenosugars were most abundant, although arsenobetaine, dimethylarsinate and inorganic arsenic were also observed, along with several unidentified species. Scrape samples from outside the vent chimneys covered with microbial mat, which is a presumed food source for many vent organisms, contained high levels of total As, but organic species were not detectable. The formation of arsenosugars in pelagic environments is typically attributed to marine algae, and the pathway to arsenobetaine is still unknown. The occurrence of arsenosugars and arsenobetaine in these deep sea organisms, where primary production is chemolithoautotrophic and stable isotope analyses indicate food sources are of vent origin, suggests that organic arsenicals can occur in a foodweb without algae or other photosynthetic life.
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