Contamination of Antarctic snow by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons dominated by combustion sources in the polar region
Petr Kukučka A , Gerhard Lammel A B F , Alice Dvorská A , Jana Klánová A , Andrea Möller C D and Elke Fries E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Kamenice 3, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
B Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Johann Joachim Becher Weg 27, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
C Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Maritime Research, Columbusstrasse, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany.
D Present address: Aerotec Engineering GmbH, Fangdieckstrasse 66–68, D-22547 Hamburg, Germany.
E University of Osnabrueck, Institute of Environmental Systems Research, Barbarastrasse 12, D-49076 Osnabrueck, Germany.
F Corresponding author. Email: lammel@recetox.muni.cz
Environmental Chemistry 7(6) 504-513 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN10066
Submitted: 21 July 2010 Accepted: 28 September 2010 Published: 21 December 2010
Environmental context. Is long-range transport from populated and industrialised areas to blame for pollution of remote regions? We report that, for the world's most remote region, Antarctica, and one prominent class of global pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, long-range transport from other continents has not contributed significantly to recent snow contamination. Rather, the major sources are regional scientific stations and ocean transport, mostly tourism.
Abstract. Firn samples attributed to the period between 2002 and 2005 were collected from a snow pit on the Ekström Shelf Ice in the Weddell Sea (70°43.8′S, 8°25.1′W). Low-volume meltwater samples (5 mL) were extracted by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and analysed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The recovery of the analytical method for the 4–6 ring PAHs was low. PAH concentrations in snow were found within the range of 26–197 ng L–1. The most prevailing substances were determined to be naphthalene, 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene and phenanthrene, with naphthalene accounting for an overall mean of 82% of total PAH. Potential emission sources of PAHs in snow were studied using back-trajectory statistics and available emission data of combustion sources in and around Antarctica. The distance to the sources (ships and research stations) in this region was found to control the snow PAH concentrations. There was no indication for intercontinental transport or marine sources.
Additional keywords: air pollution, Antarctica, GC-MS, long-range transport, SPME.
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