Reproductive biology of a medicinally important plant Leonurus cardiaca (Lamiaceae)
Fatemeh Borna A B , Nabil M. Ahmad A C , Shuming Luo A and Richard Trethowan A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Plant Breeding Institute, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of Sydney, 107 Cobbitty Rd, Cobbitty, NSW 2570, Australia.
B Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Tehran, PO Box 13245–124, Tehran, Iran.
C Corresponding author. Email: nabil.ahmad@sydney.edu.au; nabeeldeeb@yahoo.com
Australian Journal of Botany 64(4) 342-358 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT15186
Submitted: 13 August 2015 Accepted: 2 June 2016 Published: 21 June 2016
Abstract
Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca L.) is an annual species indigenous to central Europe and Scandinavia and has been used in traditional medicine because of its health benefits. The reproductive biology of L. cardiaca was investigated to provide a basis for the genetic improvement of secondary metabolites or extracts that could have human health benefits. L. cardiaca is self-compatible but bears protandrous flowers, which promote cross-pollination. The stigma becomes receptive 2 or 3 days after anthesis and anther dehiscence. Phenological observations revealed that the mean flowering duration was approximately 2 weeks within each inflorescence and 2 months within a plant. The timing of anthesis of flowers within each inflorescence and flowers of different inflorescences is usually synchronous, leading to the possibility of geitonogamous pollination. A high degree of synchronisation in flowering was observed among the plants within each of the populations studied. Among the populations, Khansar was the first to flower, whereas Dargaz was the last. A modified Brewbaker and Kwack (BK) medium optimised for in vitro germination of L. cardiaca pollen was used to establish a rapid and simple test that generally correlated with seed set. The optimised medium comprised 15% sucrose and 2.5% polyethylene glycol 4000. Data from staining with iodine–potassium iodide solution (IKI) and Alexander’s stain were positively correlated with in vitro germination and, therefore, could be used in rapid pollen-viability assays for L. cardiaca.
Additional keywords: flower structure, pollen, pollination biology, stigmatic receptivity.
References
Ahvazi M, Khalighi-Sigaroodi F, Charkhchiyan MM, Mojab F, Mozaffarian V-A, Zakeri H (2012) Introduction of medicinal plants species with the most traditional usage in Alamut region. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 11, 185–194.Alexander MP (1969) Differential staining of aborted and nonaborted pollen. Stain Technology 44, 117–122.
| Differential staining of aborted and nonaborted pollen.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaF1M7ptlajug%3D%3D&md5=dfbffa66dcd66d002b127db649c7b6d9CAS | 4181665PubMed |
Alexander MP (1980) Aversatile stain for pollen fungi, yeast and bacteria. Stain Technology 55, 13–18.
| Aversatile stain for pollen fungi, yeast and bacteria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaL3M%2Fhs1Wmtg%3D%3D&md5=885358e22ebf9e30668779894cd0e049CAS | 6158141PubMed |
Ali MS, Ibrahim SA, Jalil S, Choudhary MI (2007) Ursolic acid: a potent inhibitor of superoxides produced in the cellular system. Phytotherapy Research 21, 558–561.
| Ursolic acid: a potent inhibitor of superoxides produced in the cellular system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXnsFGqurk%3D&md5=5a7f026f9b1f446e292a5977cf5cda8bCAS | 17295383PubMed |
Anderson GJ, Symon D (1988) Insect foragers on Solanum flowers in Australia. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75, 842–852.
| Insect foragers on Solanum flowers in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Arber A (1938) Herbals: Their origin and evolution. A chapter in the history of botany, 1470–1670, 2nd edn. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)
Augspurger CK (1980) Mass flowering of a tropical shrub (hybanthus prunifolius): influence on pollinator attraction and movement. Evolution 34, 475–488.
| Mass flowering of a tropical shrub (hybanthus prunifolius): influence on pollinator attraction and movement.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Barrett SCH (2013) The evolution of plant reproductive systems: how often are transitions irreversible? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 280,
| The evolution of plant reproductive systems: how often are transitions irreversible?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Barrett SCH, Harder LD, Cole WW (1994) Effects of flower number and position on self-fertilization in experimental populations of Eichhornia paniculata (Pontederiaceae). Functional Ecology 8, 526–535.
| Effects of flower number and position on self-fertilization in experimental populations of Eichhornia paniculata (Pontederiaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Barrett SH, Wilken DH, Cole WW (2000) Heterostyly in the Lamiaceae: the case of Salvia brandegeei. Plant Systematics and Evolution 223, 211–219.
| Heterostyly in the Lamiaceae: the case of Salvia brandegeei.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Baskorowati L (2006) Controlled pollination methods for Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel. ACIAR Technical Reports Series, Issue 63. (Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra, ACT).
Baskorowati L, Moncur MW, Doran JC, Kanowski PJ (2010) Reproductive biology of Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae) 1. Floral biology. Australian Journal of Botany 58, 373–383.
| Reproductive biology of Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae) 1. Floral biology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Borna F, Luo S, Ahmad NM, Nazeri V, Shokrpour M, Trethowan R (2016) Genetic diversity in populations of the medicinal plant Leonurus cardiaca L. revealed by inter-primer binding site (iPBS) markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution
| Genetic diversity in populations of the medicinal plant Leonurus cardiaca L. revealed by inter-primer binding site (iPBS) markers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brewbaker JL, Kwack BH (1963) Essential role of calcium ion in pollen germination and pollen tube growth. American Journal of Botany 50, 859–865.
| Essential role of calcium ion in pollen germination and pollen tube growth.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF2cXhvVajtA%3D%3D&md5=2027b135de0a82fe6f9d6a39b95e3d10CAS |
Chao Z, Zhou XJ (1998) Advances in researches on medicinal plants of Leonurus. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs 29, 414–417.
Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission (2010) ‘Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China.’ (China Medical Science and Technology Press: Beijing)
Collins BG, Walsh M, Grey J (2008) Floral development and breeding systems of Dryandra sessilis and Grevillea wilsonii (Proteaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 56, 119–130.
| Floral development and breeding systems of Dryandra sessilis and Grevillea wilsonii (Proteaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Crowe JH, Hoekstra FA, Crowe LM (1989) Membrane phase-transitions are responsible for imbibitional damage in dry pollen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 86, 520–523.
| Membrane phase-transitions are responsible for imbibitional damage in dry pollen.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXhtFWrurY%3D&md5=d1554ffa17adde5c81a94ba15de2979cCAS |
Dafni A, Maués MM (1998) A rapid and simple procedure to determine stigma receptivity. Sexual Plant Reproduction 11, 177–180.
| A rapid and simple procedure to determine stigma receptivity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dafni A, Kevan PG, Husband BC (2005) ‘Practical pollination biology.’ (Enviroquest Ltd: Cambridge, Canada)
Davila YC, Wardle GM (2002) Reproductive ecology of the Australian herb Trachymene incisa subsp. incisa (Apiaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 50, 619–626.
| Reproductive ecology of the Australian herb Trachymene incisa subsp. incisa (Apiaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Davila YC, Wardle GM (2008) Variation in native pollinators in the absence of honeybees: implications for reproductive success of an Australian generalist‐pollinated herb Trachymene incisa (Apiaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 156, 479–490.
| Variation in native pollinators in the absence of honeybees: implications for reproductive success of an Australian generalist‐pollinated herb Trachymene incisa (Apiaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Discover Life (2016) Leonurus cardiaca. Available at http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20m?kind=Leonurus+cardiaca [Accessed 9 January 2016].
EMA/HMPC (2010) Community herbal monograph on Leonurus cardiaca L., herba.. EMA/HMPC/127428/2010. Available at: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_-_Community_herbal_monograph/2010/05/WC500091044.pdf [Accessed 10 June 2016].
Erdtman G (1945) Pollen morphology and plant taxonomy. IV. Labiatae, Verbenaceae, and Avicenniaceae. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 39, 279–285.
Ferrari TE, Wallace DH (1975) Germination of Brassica pollen and expression of incompatibility in vitro. Euphytica 24, 757–765.
| Germination of Brassica pollen and expression of incompatibility in vitro.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE28Xos1yluw%3D%3D&md5=fcedd7005176fdb4904fe6b07025aaf0CAS |
Golangoldhirsh A, Schmidhalter U, Muller M, Oertli JJ (1991) Germination of Pistacian vera L. pollen in liquid medium. Sexual Plant Reproduction 4, 182–187.
Haque MS, Ghoshal KK (1981) Floral biology and breeding system in the genus Salvia Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. Part B. Biological Sciences 47, 716–724.
Harder LD, Barrett SCH (1995) Mating cost of large floral displays in hermaphrodite plants. Nature 373, 512–515.
| Mating cost of large floral displays in hermaphrodite plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXjs1WnsrY%3D&md5=c800cc9f5fbeb53eb9730dfc541f5d83CAS |
Harder LD, Barrett SCH (1996) Pollen dispersal and mating patterns in animal-pollinated plants. In ‘Floral biology: studies on floral evolution in animal-pollinated plants’. (Eds DG Lloyd, SCH Barrett) pp. 140–190. (Chapman & Hall: New York)
Harder LD, Johnson SD (2005) Adaptive plasticity of floral display size in animal-pollinated plants. Proceedings. Biological Sciences 272, 2651–2657.
| Adaptive plasticity of floral display size in animal-pollinated plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harder LD, Prusinkiewicz P (2013) The interplay between inflorescence development and function as the crucible of architectural diversity. Annals of Botany 112, 1477–1493.
| The interplay between inflorescence development and function as the crucible of architectural diversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23243190PubMed |
Hauser EJP, Morrison JH (1964) The cytochemical reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium as an index of pollen viability. American Journal of Botany 51, 748–752.
| The cytochemical reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium as an index of pollen viability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hedge IC (1990) Labiatae. In ‘Flora of Pakistan. No. 192.’ (Eds SI Ali, YJ Nasir) (University of Karachi: Karachi, Pakistan)
Heslop-Harrison J, Heslop-Harrison Y (1970) Evaluation of pollen viability by enzymatically induced fluorescence: intracellular hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate. Stain Technology 45, 115–120.
| Evaluation of pollen viability by enzymatically induced fluorescence: intracellular hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE3cXkt1ajtrg%3D&md5=493b00164bdeab5b303a633c8d70d42eCAS | 4192549PubMed |
Heslop-Harrison J, Heslop-Harrison Y, Shivanna KR (1984) The evaluation of pollen quality, and a further appraisal of the fluorochromatic (FCR) test procedure. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 67, 367–375.
| The evaluation of pollen quality, and a further appraisal of the fluorochromatic (FCR) test procedure.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC2c3gtVGmtg%3D%3D&md5=6400cd4118e699a76945f0235b9a1fc9CAS | 24258660PubMed |
Heuberger H, Bauer R, Friedl F, Heubl G, Hummelsberger J, Nogel R, Seidenberger R, Torres-Londono P (2010) Cultivation and breeding of Chinese medicinal plants in Germany. Planta Medica 76, 1956–1962.
| Cultivation and breeding of Chinese medicinal plants in Germany.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsFWlsLc%3D&md5=012f6cbbc308402ac7c1e6adfc39fd08CAS | 21077027PubMed |
Hoekstra FA, Crowe LM, Crowe JH (1989) Differential desiccation sensitivity of corn and Pennisetum pollen linked to their sucrose contents. Plant, Cell & Environment 12, 83–91.
| Differential desiccation sensitivity of corn and Pennisetum pollen linked to their sucrose contents.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXhvV2ks7Y%3D&md5=7d4ab9c0a7e573b6c3bbdfcb5f405555CAS |
Huck RB (1992) Overview of pollination biology in the Lamiaceae. In ‘Advances in labiate science’. (Eds RM Harley, T Reynolds) pp. 167–181. (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: London)
Janicsák G, Veres K, Kakasy AZ, Mathe I (2006) Study of the oleanolic and ursolic acid contents of some species of the Lamiaceae. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 34, 392–396.
| Study of the oleanolic and ursolic acid contents of some species of the Lamiaceae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Karron JD, Mitchell RJ (2012) Effects of floral display size on male and female reproductive success in Mimulus ringens. Annals of Botany 109, 563–570.
| Effects of floral display size on male and female reproductive success in Mimulus ringens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21880660PubMed |
Karron JD, Mitchell RJ, Holmquist KG, Bell JM, Funk B (2004) The influence of floral display size on selfing rates in Mimulus ringens. Heredity 92, 242–248.
| The influence of floral display size on selfing rates in Mimulus ringens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2c%2FptFWlsA%3D%3D&md5=e0f36a85fc42b3e92e0abc44bc8ea796CAS | 14666135PubMed |
Kearns CA, Inouye DW (1993) ‘Techniques for pollination biologists.’ (University Press of Colorado: Boulder, CO)
Khadivi-Khub A, Soorni A (2014) Comprehensive genetic discrimination of Leonurus cardiaca populations by AFLP, ISSR, RAPD and IRAP molecular markers. Molecular Biology Reports 41, 4007–4016.
| Comprehensive genetic discrimination of Leonurus cardiaca populations by AFLP, ISSR, RAPD and IRAP molecular markers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXivFyiu7Y%3D&md5=6993ddcdc093df5d831a22bd97889db6CAS | 24562682PubMed |
Leduc N, Monnier M, Douglas GC (1990) Germination of trinucleated pollen: formulation of a new medium for Capsella bursa pastoris. Sexual Plant Reproduction 3, 228–235.
| Germination of trinucleated pollen: formulation of a new medium for Capsella bursa pastoris.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Li XW, Hedge IC (1994) Lamiaceae. In ‘Flora of China. Vol. 17’. (Eds CY Wu, PH Raven) pp. 163–166. (Science Press: Beijing; and Missouri Botanical Garden Press: St Louis, MO)
Lundqvist A (1961) A rapid method for the analysis of incompatibilities in grasses. Hereditas 47, 705–707.
| A rapid method for the analysis of incompatibilities in grasses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Martin FW (1959) Staining and observing pollen tubes in the style by means of fluorescence. Stain Technology 34, 125–128.
| Staining and observing pollen tubes in the style by means of fluorescence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaG1M%2FovV2jtQ%3D%3D&md5=c311ee88c1cae5bb43a6e0811f266fd7CAS | 13659240PubMed |
Mills S, Bone K (2000) Principles and practice of phytotherapy: modern herbal medicine. (Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh, UK.)
Morteza-Semnani K, Saeedi M, Akbarzadeh M (2008) The essential oil composition of Leonurus cardiaca L. Journal of Essential Oil Research 20, 107–109.
| The essential oil composition of Leonurus cardiaca L.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXjs1OktLk%3D&md5=e71e1629c76a76f89f414739e9ab0de7CAS |
Moyano F, Cocucci A, Sersic A (2003) Accessory pollen adhesive from glandular trichomes on the anthers of Leonurus sibiricus L. (Lamiaceae). Plant Biology 5, 411–418.
| Accessory pollen adhesive from glandular trichomes on the anthers of Leonurus sibiricus L. (Lamiaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moza MK, Bhatnagar AK (2007) Plant reproductive biology studies crucial for conversation. Current Science 92, 1207
Mozaffarian V-A (1996) ‘Lexicon of Iranian plant names.’ (Publishing Contemporary Vocabulary, Tehran Press: Tehran, Iran)
Nassar NMA, Dos Santos E, David SRO (2000) The transference of apomixis genes from Manihot neusana Nassar to cassava, M. esculenta Crantz. Hereditas 132, 167–170.
| The transference of apomixis genes from Manihot neusana Nassar to cassava, M. esculenta Crantz.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ohashi K, Yahara T (2001) Behavioral responses of pollinators to variation in floral display size and their influences on the evolution of floral traits. In ‘Cognitive ecology of pollination’. (Eds L Chittka, J Thomson) pp. 274–296. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)
Owens S, Ubera Jimenez J (1992) Breeding systems in Labiatae. In ‘Advances in labiate science’. (Eds RH Harley, T Reynolds) pp. 257–280. (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: London)
Popescu M-L, Dinu M, Toth O (2009) Contributions to the pharmacognostical and phytobiological study on Leonurus cardiaca L. (Lamiaceae). Farmacia 57, 424–431.
Prenner G (2013) Papilionoid inflorescences revisited (Leguminosae–Papilionoideae). Annals of Botany 112, 1567–1576.
| Papilionoid inflorescences revisited (Leguminosae–Papilionoideae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23235698PubMed |
Quattrocchi U (2012) CRC world dictionary of medicinal and poisonous plants: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology. (CRC Press: London)
Read SM, Clarke AE, Bacic A (1993) Stimulation of growth of cultured Nicotiana tabacum w-38 pollen tubes by poly(ethylene glycol) and cu-(ii) salts. Protoplasma 177, 1–14.
| Stimulation of growth of cultured Nicotiana tabacum w-38 pollen tubes by poly(ethylene glycol) and cu-(ii) salts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXktVGgsr4%3D&md5=5c8a151a9526cc0224381bd01976a4d1CAS |
Sass JE (1958) ‘Botanical microtechnique.’ (The Iowa State College Press: Ames, IA)
Schneemilch M, Steggles E (2010) The mating system of Acrotriche serrulata (Ericaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 58, 124–132.
| The mating system of Acrotriche serrulata (Ericaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Shivanna KR, Sawhney VK (1995) Polyethylene-glycol improves the in-vitro growth of brassica pollen tubes without loss in germination. Journal of Experimental Botany 46, 1771–1774.
| Polyethylene-glycol improves the in-vitro growth of brassica pollen tubes without loss in germination.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXpvV2ltLs%3D&md5=0f4b8633b64793b2e3f5cdd8da19b26eCAS |
Shivanna KR Saxena NP Seetharama N (1997 )
Soorni A, Nazeri V, Fattahi MR (2013a) Evaluation of genetic variability of several populations of medicinal plant Leonurus cardiaca in Iran using fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research 21, 209–224.
Soorni A, Nazeri V, Fattahi R, Khadivi-Khub A (2013b) DNA fingerprinting of Leonurus cardiaca L. germplasm in Iran using amplified fragment length polymorphism and inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 50, 438–447.
| DNA fingerprinting of Leonurus cardiaca L. germplasm in Iran using amplified fragment length polymorphism and inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhsVOktbzJ&md5=0ba6879afb60bf67516006a7510d9e14CAS |
Soorni A, Nazeri V, Fatahi R, Khadivi-Khub A (2014) Multivariate analysis of motherwort germplasm in Iran using morphological variables and essential oil content. Plant Systematics and Evolution 300, 925–935.
| Multivariate analysis of motherwort germplasm in Iran using morphological variables and essential oil content.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhslarurbL&md5=df93819bdb3e3237cd7b62a7bd505fa8CAS |
Spira TP (1980) Floral parameters, breeding system and pollinator type in Trichostema (Labiatae). American Journal of Botany 67, 278–284.
| Floral parameters, breeding system and pollinator type in Trichostema (Labiatae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stanley RG, Linskens HF (1974) ‘Pollen: biology – biochemistry – management.’ (Springer-Verlag: Berlin)
Stebbins GL (1974) ‘Flowering plants. Evolution above the species level.’ (Belknap Press: Cambridge, MA)
Subbaiah CC (1984) A polyethylene-glycol based medium for in vitro germination of cashew pollen. Canadian Journal of Botany 62, 2473–2475.
| A polyethylene-glycol based medium for in vitro germination of cashew pollen.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXht1ygsbs%3D&md5=9aa34911597c13ffec997ce46d0ccfacCAS |
Taylor LP, Hepler PK (1997) Pollen germination and tube growth. Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology 48, 461–491.
| Pollen germination and tube growth.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjs1emsbs%3D&md5=8c16976bc29c2314ce0731019107bdbdCAS | 15012271PubMed |
Tomás-Barberán FA, Krestovskaya T, Gil MI (1993) Flavonoid P-Coumaroylglucosides in some Leonurus, Chaiturus and Panzerina species (Lamiaceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 21, 531–532.
| Flavonoid P-Coumaroylglucosides in some Leonurus, Chaiturus and Panzerina species (Lamiaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ulubelen A, Topcu G, Kolak U (2005) Labiatae flavonoids and their bioactivity. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry 30, 233–302.
| Labiatae flavonoids and their bioactivity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXksFKqtrw%3D&md5=3716b61ce3de759b29834f3a11a004f5CAS | [Bioactive Natural Products Part K]
Visser T (1955) Germination and storage of pollen. Mededel Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 55, 1–68.
Weber A (2013) Pair-flowered cymes in the Lamiales: structure, distribution and origin. Annals of Botany 112, 1577–1595.
| Pair-flowered cymes in the Lamiales: structure, distribution and origin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23884395PubMed |
Wu CY, Li HW (1977) Labiatae. In ‘Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae. Vol. 65’. (Ed. E Committee) pp. 505–521. (Science Press: Beijing)
Wyatt R (1982) Inflorescence architecture – how flower number, arrangement, and phenology affect pollination and fruit-set. American Journal of Botany 69, 585–594.
| Inflorescence architecture – how flower number, arrangement, and phenology affect pollination and fruit-set.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yin J, Zhang Z-W, Yu W-J, Liao J-Y, Luo X-G, Shen Y-J (2010) Stachydrine, a major constituent of the Chinese herb Leonurus Heterophyllus Sweet, ameliorates human umbilical vein endothelial cells injury induced by anoxia–reoxygenation. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine 38, 157–171.
| Stachydrine, a major constituent of the Chinese herb Leonurus Heterophyllus Sweet, ameliorates human umbilical vein endothelial cells injury induced by anoxia–reoxygenation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXkvVejtrc%3D&md5=9a02ad303a9016a1420a2aa14633df4bCAS | 20128052PubMed |
Zhang HQ, Croes AF (1982) A new medium for pollen germination in vitro. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 31, 113–119.
| A new medium for pollen germination in vitro.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
