Patterns of plant abundances in natural systems: is there value in modelling both species abundance and distribution?
Thomas J. Duff A C , Tina L. Bell B and Alan York A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Forest and Fire Ecology Group, Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Vic. 3363, Australia.
B Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Sydney, Redfern, NSW 2015, Australia.
C Corresponding author. Email: tjduff@unimelb.edu.au
Australian Journal of Botany 59(8) 719-733 https://doi.org/10.1071/BT11017
Submitted: 14 January 2011 Accepted: 9 October 2011 Published: 28 November 2011
Abstract
In plant ecology it is common to use biophysical models to predict species distribution; however, spatial quantitative models of plant species remain rare. In practice, occupancy models are often assumed to indicate habitant quality and are used as surrogate abundance models. This study assessed the potential value of quantitative models of plants for ecosystem management applications by assessing patterns of occupancy and abundance within two closely related understorey plant species, Xanthorrhoea australis and X. caespitosa. Vegetation quadrats were surveyed in Eucalyptus woodland and cover-abundances were assessed using a metric pin intersection technique. A zero inflated generalised additive modelling process was used to assess the relationship of species occupancies and cover-abundances to environmental properties. The models were applied to mapped environmental data to create spatial predictions of occupancy and cover-abundance. Both species shared several predictor variables, but differing responses to these variables resulted in mutually exclusive distributions. No significant correlation was observed between occupancy and cover-abundance for X. australis, but strong correlation was evident for X. caespitosa. The strength of the occupancy and abundance relationship was found to differ greatly between the two species and is therefore likely to be species specific. Occupancy models have been used successfully as proxies for habitat quality models of plant species; however where occupancy and abundance of plants are driven by different influences occupancy will be a poor surrogate for abundance. Outcomes may be improved if occupancy models are validated for abundance or quantitative models are developed and tested for individual species.
References
Accad A, Neil DT (2006) Modelling pre-clearing vegetation distribution using GIS-integrated statistical, ecological and data models: a case study from the wet tropics of northeastern Australia. Ecological Modelling 198, 85–100.| Modelling pre-clearing vegetation distribution using GIS-integrated statistical, ecological and data models: a case study from the wet tropics of northeastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Anjos RM, Macario K, Veiga R, Carvalho C, Mosquera B (2007) Radiometric analyses of beach sands from the southeast of Brazil. AIP Conference Proceedings 884, 249–253.
| Radiometric analyses of beach sands from the southeast of Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXjslaks7k%3D&md5=99dd8d74b9bd5e11f42fa5269d0a0a1eCAS |
Baeza M, Raventós J, Escarré A, Vallejo V (2006) Fire risk and vegetation structural dynamics in Mediterranean shrubland. Plant Ecology 187, 189–201.
| Fire risk and vegetation structural dynamics in Mediterranean shrubland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Barry SC, Welsh AH (2002) Generalized additive modelling and zero inflated count data. Ecological Modelling 157, 179–188.
| Generalized additive modelling and zero inflated count data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Batlla D, Grundy A, Dent KC, Clay HA, Finch-Savage WE (2009) A quantitative analysis of temperature-dependent dormancy changes in Polygonum aviculare seeds. Weed Research 49, 428–438.
| A quantitative analysis of temperature-dependent dormancy changes in Polygonum aviculare seeds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Betts MG, Diamond AW, Forbes GJ, Villard MA, Gunn JS (2006) The importance of spatial autocorrelation, extent and resolution in predicting forest bird occurrence. Ecological Modelling 191, 197–224.
| The importance of spatial autocorrelation, extent and resolution in predicting forest bird occurrence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bonham CD (1989) ‘Measurements for terrestrial vegetation.’ (John Wiley and Sons: New York)
Brown JH (1984) On the relationship between abundance and distribution of species. American Naturalist 124, 255–279.
| On the relationship between abundance and distribution of species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brown JH, Mehlman DW, Stevens GC (1995) Spatial variation in abundance. Ecology 76, 2028–2043.
| Spatial variation in abundance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brzeziecki B, Kienast F, Wildi O (1993) A simulated map of the potential natural forest vegetation of Switzerland. Journal of Vegetation Science 4, 499–508.
| A simulated map of the potential natural forest vegetation of Switzerland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brzeziecki B, Kienast F, Wildi O (1995) Modelling potential impacts of climate change on the spatial distribution of zonal forest communities in Switzerland. Journal of Vegetation Science 6, 257–268.
| Modelling potential impacts of climate change on the spatial distribution of zonal forest communities in Switzerland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Burgman MA, Lamont BB (1992) A stochastic model for the viability of Banksia cuneata populations: environmental demographic and genetic effects. Journal of Applied Ecology 29, 719–727.
| A stochastic model for the viability of Banksia cuneata populations: environmental demographic and genetic effects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Burgman MA, Lindenmayer DB, Elith J (2005) Managing landscapes for conservation under uncertainty. Ecology 86, 2007–2017.
| Managing landscapes for conservation under uncertainty.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Burnham KP (2004) Multimodel inference – understanding AIC and BIC in model selection. Sociological Methods & Research 33, 261–304.
| Multimodel inference – understanding AIC and BIC in model selection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cawsey EM, Austin MP, Baker BL (2002) Regional vegetation mapping in Australia: a case study in the practical use of statistical modelling. Biodiversity and Conservation 11, 2239–2274.
| Regional vegetation mapping in Australia: a case study in the practical use of statistical modelling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cawson J, Muir A (2008) ‘Fire and biodiversity monitoring. protocols for flora: users guide.’ (Department of Sustainability and Environment: Melbourne)
Cheal DC (1994) Fire succession in heathlands and implications for vegetation management. In ‘Biodiversity and fire: the effects and effectiveness of fire management’. Footscray, Melbourne.) (Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories)
Chiarucci A, Wilson JB, Barbara JA, Dominicis V (1999) Cover versus biomass as an estimate of species abundance: does it make a difference to the conclusions? Journal of Vegetation Science 10, 35–42.
| Cover versus biomass as an estimate of species abundance: does it make a difference to the conclusions?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Coops NC, Catling PC (1997) Utilising airborne multispectral videography to predict habitat complexity in Eucalypt forests for wildlife management Wildlife Research 24, 691–702.
| Utilising airborne multispectral videography to predict habitat complexity in Eucalypt forests for wildlife managementCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Coops NC, Catling PC (2002) Prediction of the spatial distribution and relative abundance of ground-dwelling mammals using remote sensing imagery and simulation models. Landscape Ecology 17, 173–188.
| Prediction of the spatial distribution and relative abundance of ground-dwelling mammals using remote sensing imagery and simulation models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cunningham RB, Lindenmayer DB (2005) Modeling count data of rare species: some statistical issues. Ecology 86, 1135–1142.
| Modeling count data of rare species: some statistical issues.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Damgaard C (2008) Modelling pin-point plant cover data along an environmental gradient. Ecological Modelling 214, 404–410.
| Modelling pin-point plant cover data along an environmental gradient.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Damgaard C (2009) On the distribution of plant abundance data. Ecological Informatics 4, 76–82.
| On the distribution of plant abundance data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Department of Sustainability and Environment (2004a) ‘Glenelg Plains bioregion; EVC 48: heathy woodland.’ (Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria, Australia: Melbourne)
Department of Sustainability and Environment (2004b) ‘Portland fire protection plan.’ (Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria, Australia: Melbourne)
Department of Sustainability and Environment (2005a) ‘Advisory list of rare or threatened plants in Victoria – 2005.’ (Department of Sustainability and Environment: East Melbourne)
Department of Sustainability and Environment (2005b) ‘Portland Horsham forests – proposed forest management plan.’ (Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria, Australia: Melbourne)
Dodson JR (2001) Holocene vegetation change in the mediterranean-type climate regions of Australia. The Holocene 11, 673–680.
| Holocene vegetation change in the mediterranean-type climate regions of Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Domenikiotis C, Dalezios NR, Loukas A, Karteris M (2002) Agreement assessment of NOAA/AVHRR NDVI with Landsat TM NDVI for mapping burned forested areas. International Journal of Remote Sensing 23, 4235–4246.
| Agreement assessment of NOAA/AVHRR NDVI with Landsat TM NDVI for mapping burned forested areas.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Drechsler M, Lamont BB, Burgman MA, Resit Akcakaya H, Witkowski ETF, Supriyadi Y (1999) Modelling the persistence of an apparently immortal Banksia species after fire and land clearing. Biological Conservation 88, 249–259.
| Modelling the persistence of an apparently immortal Banksia species after fire and land clearing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Duncan M, Keane P (1996) Vegetation changes associated with Phytopthora cinnamomi and its decline under Xanthorrhoea australis in Kinglake National Park, Victoria. Australian Journal of Botany 44, 355–369.
| Vegetation changes associated with Phytopthora cinnamomi and its decline under Xanthorrhoea australis in Kinglake National Park, Victoria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Elith J, Leathwick J, Hastie T (2008) A working guide to boosted regression trees. Journal of Animal Ecology 77, 802–813.
| A working guide to boosted regression trees.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1cvgsFOqsQ%3D%3D&md5=96cd9e55c73587069ac0f9f099ce4409CAS |
Elzinga CL, Salzer DW, Willoughby JW (2007) ‘Measuring and monitoring plant populations.’ (Bureau of Land Management, Denver, Colorado, United States)
Enright NJ, Miller BP, Crawford A (1994) Environmental correlates of vegetation patterns and species richness in the northern Grampians, Victoria. Australian Journal of Ecology 19, 159–168.
| Environmental correlates of vegetation patterns and species richness in the northern Grampians, Victoria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Falster DS, Murray BR, Lepschi BJ (2001) Linking abundance, occupancy and spatial structure: an empirical test of a neutral model in an open-forest woody plant community in eastern Australia. Journal of Biogeography 28, 317–323.
| Linking abundance, occupancy and spatial structure: an empirical test of a neutral model in an open-forest woody plant community in eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fernandes PM (2009) Combining forest structure data and fuel modelling to classify fire hazard in Portugal. Annals of Forest Science 66, 415
| Combining forest structure data and fuel modelling to classify fire hazard in Portugal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ferrier S (2002) Mapping spatial pattern in biodiversity for regional conservation planning: where to from here? Systematic Biology 51, 331–363.
| Mapping spatial pattern in biodiversity for regional conservation planning: where to from here?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ferrier S, Drielsma M, Manion G, Watson G (2002) Extended statistical approaches to modelling spatial pattern in biodiversity in northeast New South Wales. II. community-level modelling. Biodiversity and Conservation 11, 2309–2338.
| Extended statistical approaches to modelling spatial pattern in biodiversity in northeast New South Wales. II. community-level modelling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Floyd D, Anderson JE (1987) A comparison of three methods for estimating plant cover. Journal of Ecology 75, 221–228.
Franklin J (1998) Predicting the distribution of shrub species in Southern California from climate and terrain-derived variables. Journal of Vegetation Science 9, 733–748.
| Predicting the distribution of shrub species in Southern California from climate and terrain-derived variables.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Franklin J (2002) Enhancing a regional vegetation map with predictive models of dominant plant species in chaparral. Applied Vegetation Science 5, 135–146.
| Enhancing a regional vegetation map with predictive models of dominant plant species in chaparral.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Franklin JF (1993) Preserving biodiversity: species, ecosystems, or landscapes? Ecological Applications 3, 202–205.
| Preserving biodiversity: species, ecosystems, or landscapes?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Frazer DS, Petit S (2007) Use of Xanthorrhoea semiplana (grass-trees) for refuge by Rattus fuscipes (southern bush rat). Wildlife Research 34, 379–386.
| Use of Xanthorrhoea semiplana (grass-trees) for refuge by Rattus fuscipes (southern bush rat).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gallant JC, Dowling TI (2003) A multiresolution index of valley bottom flatness for mapping depositional areas. Water Resources Research 39, 1347–1353.
| A multiresolution index of valley bottom flatness for mapping depositional areas.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gary GJ, Morrison DA (1995) Effects of fire frequency on plant species composition of sandstone communities in the Sydney region: combinations of inter-fire intervals. Australian Journal of Ecology 20, 418–426.
| Effects of fire frequency on plant species composition of sandstone communities in the Sydney region: combinations of inter-fire intervals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gaston KJ (1996) The multiple forms of the interspecific abundance-distribution relationship. Oikos 76, 211–220.
| The multiple forms of the interspecific abundance-distribution relationship.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gaston KJ, Blackburn TM, Greenwood JJD, Gregory RD, Quinn RM, Lawton JH (2000) Abundance-occupancy relationships. Journal of Applied Ecology 37, 39–59.
| Abundance-occupancy relationships.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gibbons FR, Downes RG (1964) ‘A study of the land in South Western Victoria.’ (Soil Conservation Authority, Victoria: Melbourne)
Gibson M, Milne R, Cahill DM, Wilson BA, Baker BL (2002) ‘Preliminary review of the actual and potential distribution of Phytopthora cinnamomi dieback in parks and reserves across Victoria.’ (Centre for Environmental Management, University of Ballarat: Ballarat)
Guisan A, Zimmermann NE (2000) Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology. Ecological Modelling 135, 147–186.
| Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Guisan A, Theurillat JP, Kienast F (1998) Predicting the potential distribution of plant species in an alpine environment. Journal of Vegetation Science 9, 65–74.
| Predicting the potential distribution of plant species in an alpine environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Guisan A, Weiss SB, Weiss AD (1999) GLM versus CCA spatial modeling of plant species distribution. Plant Ecology 143, 107–122.
| GLM versus CCA spatial modeling of plant species distribution.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hardin G (1960) The competitive exclusion principle. Science 131, 1292–1297.
| The competitive exclusion principle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaF3c7lt1ehsg%3D%3D&md5=d3febf2782438470740b05dd02eff381CAS |
Hastie T, Tibshirani R (1987) Generalized additive models – some applications. Journal of the American Statistical Association 82, 371–386.
| Generalized additive models – some applications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
He F, Gaston KJ (2000) Estimating species abundance from occurrence. American Naturalist 156, 553–559.
| Estimating species abundance from occurrence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
He F, Gaston KJ (2003) Occupancy, spatial variance, and the abundance of species. American Naturalist 162, 366–375.
| Occupancy, spatial variance, and the abundance of species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
He HS, Shang BZ, Crow TR, Gustafson EJ, Shifley SR (2004) Simulating forest fuel and fire risk dynamics across landscapes – LANDIS fuel module design. Ecological Modelling 180, 135–151.
| Simulating forest fuel and fire risk dynamics across landscapes – LANDIS fuel module design.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Holt RD, Pacala SW, Smith TW, Liu J (1995) Linking contemporary vegetation models with spatially explicit animal population models. Ecological Applications 5, 20–27.
| Linking contemporary vegetation models with spatially explicit animal population models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Huntley B, Bartlein PJ, Prentice IC (1989) Climatic control of the distribution and abundance of beech (Fagus L.) in Europe and North America. Journal of Biogeography 16, 551–560.
| Climatic control of the distribution and abundance of beech (Fagus L.) in Europe and North America.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Iverson LR, Prasad AM (1998) Predicting abundance of 80 tree species following climate change in the eastern United States. Ecological Monographs 68, 465–485.
| Predicting abundance of 80 tree species following climate change in the eastern United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jacobson CR (2010) Use of linguistic estimates and vegetation indices to assess post-fire vegetation regrowth in woodland areas. International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, 94–103.
| Use of linguistic estimates and vegetation indices to assess post-fire vegetation regrowth in woodland areas.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jones R (1968) Estimating productivity and apparent photosynthesis from difference in consecutive measurements of total living plant parts of an Australian heathland. Australian Journal of Botany 16, 589–602.
| Estimating productivity and apparent photosynthesis from difference in consecutive measurements of total living plant parts of an Australian heathland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Keane RE, Burgan R, van Wagtendonk J (2001) Mapping wildland fuels for fire management across multiple scales: integrating remote sensing, GIS and biophysical modelling. International Journal of Wildland Fire 10, 301–319.
| Mapping wildland fuels for fire management across multiple scales: integrating remote sensing, GIS and biophysical modelling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Keith DA, Bedward M (1999) Native vegetation of the South East Forests region, Eden, New South Wales. Cunninghamia 6, 1–60.
Kirkpatrick JB, Brown MJ (1994) A comparison of direct and environmental domain approaches to planning reservation of forest higher plant communities and species in Tasmania. Conservation Biology 8, 217–224.
| A comparison of direct and environmental domain approaches to planning reservation of forest higher plant communities and species in Tasmania.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lamont BB, Wittkuhn R, Korczynskyj D (2004) TURNER REVIEW No. 8. Ecology and ecophysiology of grasstrees. Australian Journal of Botany 52, 561–582.
| TURNER REVIEW No. 8. Ecology and ecophysiology of grasstrees.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Land Conservation Council (1972) ‘Report on the South Western Study Area (district 1).’ (Land Conservation Council, Victoria, Australia: Melbourne)
Leps J, Hadincova V (1992) How reliable are our vegetation analyses? Journal of Vegetation Science 3, 119–124.
| How reliable are our vegetation analyses?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Londo G (1976) The decimal scale for releves of permanent quadrats. Plant Ecology 33, 61–64.
| The decimal scale for releves of permanent quadrats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mackey BG (1994) Predicting the potential distribution of rain-forest structural characteristics. Journal of Vegetation Science 5, 43–54.
| Predicting the potential distribution of rain-forest structural characteristics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Martin TG, Wintle BA, Rhodes JR, Kuhnert PM, Field SA, Low-Choy SJ, Tyre AJ, Possingham HP, Anderson M (2005) Zero tolerance ecology: improving ecological inference by modelling the source of zero observations. Ecology Letters 8, 1235–1246.
| Zero tolerance ecology: improving ecological inference by modelling the source of zero observations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McCarthy GJ, Tolhurst KG, Chatto K (1999) ‘Overall fuel hazard guide.’ (Department of Natural Resources and Environment), East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
McCaw WL, Neal JE, Smith RH (2002) Stand characteristics and fuel accumulation in a sequence of even-aged Karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor) stands in south-west Western Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 158, 263–271.
| Stand characteristics and fuel accumulation in a sequence of even-aged Karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor) stands in south-west Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McKenzie NL, Belbin L, Margules CR, Keighery GJ (1989) Selecting representative reserve systems in remote areas: a case study in the Nullarbor region, Australia. Biological Conservation 50, 239–261.
| Selecting representative reserve systems in remote areas: a case study in the Nullarbor region, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Melillo JM, McGuire D, Kicklighter DW, Moore B, Vorosmarty CJ, Schloss AL (1993) Global climate change and terrestrial net primary production. Nature 363, 234–240.
| Global climate change and terrestrial net primary production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXksFeiu78%3D&md5=0c2e0a0f627bf93c5c8ff4ebefa687a5CAS |
Menges ES, Ascencio PFQ, Weekley CW, Gaoue OG (2006) Population viability analysis and fire return intervals for an endemic Florida scrub mint. Biological Conservation 127, 115–127.
| Population viability analysis and fire return intervals for an endemic Florida scrub mint.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Miller JM (2007) Comparing Poisson, Hurdle and ZIP model fit under varying degrees of skew and zero-inflation. PhD Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States.
Moran PA (1950) Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena. Biometrika 37, 17–23.
Morrison DA, Lebrocque AF, Clarke PJ (1995) An assessment of some improved techniques for estimating the abundance (frequency) of sedentary organisms. Vegetatio 120, 131–145.
| An assessment of some improved techniques for estimating the abundance (frequency) of sedentary organisms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nielsen SE, Johnson CJ, Heard DC, Boyce MS (2005) Can models of presence-absence be used to scale abundance? Two case studies considering extremes in life history. Ecography 28, 197–208.
| Can models of presence-absence be used to scale abundance? Two case studies considering extremes in life history.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Northcote KH (1979) ‘A factual key for the recognition of Australian soils.’ (Rellim Technical Publications: Adelaide)
Park SJ, Hwang CS, Vlek PLG (2005) Comparison of adaptive techniques to predict crop yield response under varying soil and land management conditions. Agricultural Systems 85, 59–81.
| Comparison of adaptive techniques to predict crop yield response under varying soil and land management conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pearce J, Ferrier S (2001) The practical value of modelling relative abundance of species for regional conservation planning: a case study. Biological Conservation 98, 33–43.
| The practical value of modelling relative abundance of species for regional conservation planning: a case study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pearce JL, Boyce MS (2006) Modelling distribution and abundance with presence-only data. Journal of Applied Ecology 43, 405–412.
| Modelling distribution and abundance with presence-only data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Petit S, Dickson CR (2005) Grass-tree (Xanthorrhoea semiplana, Liliaceae) facilitation of the endangered pink-lipped spider orchid (Caladenia syn. Arachnorchis behrii, Orchidaceae) varies in South Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 53, 455–464.
| Grass-tree (Xanthorrhoea semiplana, Liliaceae) facilitation of the endangered pink-lipped spider orchid (Caladenia syn. Arachnorchis behrii, Orchidaceae) varies in South Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Podani J (2005) Multivariate exploratory analysis of ordinal data in ecology: pitfalls, problems and solutions. Journal of Vegetation Science 16, 497–510.
| Multivariate exploratory analysis of ordinal data in ecology: pitfalls, problems and solutions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Podani J (2006) Braun-Blanquet’s legacy and data analysis in vegetation science. Journal of Vegetation Science 17, 113–117.
| Braun-Blanquet’s legacy and data analysis in vegetation science.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Poore MED (1955) The use of phytosociological methods in ecological investigation: I. the Braun-Blanquet system. Journal of Ecology 43, 226–244.
| The use of phytosociological methods in ecological investigation: I. the Braun-Blanquet system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Potts JM, Elith J (2006) Comparing species abundance models. Ecological Modelling 199, 153–163.
| Comparing species abundance models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
R Development Core Team (2009) ‘R: A language and environment for statistical computing’. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria)
Radford JQ, Bennet AF, Cheers GJ (2005) Landscape level thresholds of habitat cover for woodland dependent birds. Biological Conservation 124, 317–337.
| Landscape level thresholds of habitat cover for woodland dependent birds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rathbun S, Fei S (2006) A spatial zero-inflated Poisson regression model for oak regeneration. Environmental and Ecological Statistics 13, 409–426.
| A spatial zero-inflated Poisson regression model for oak regeneration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rawlins BG, Lark RM, Webster R (2007) Understanding airborne radiometric survey signals across part of eastern England. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 32, 1503–1515.
| Understanding airborne radiometric survey signals across part of eastern England.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Regan HM, Auld TD, Keith DA, Burgman MA (2003) The effects of fire and predators on the long-term persistence of an endangered shrub, Grevillea caleyi. Biological Conservation 109, 73–83.
| The effects of fire and predators on the long-term persistence of an endangered shrub, Grevillea caleyi.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ricotta C, Avena G (2006) On the evaluation of ordinal data with conventional multivariate procedures. Journal of Vegetation Science 17, 839–842.
| On the evaluation of ordinal data with conventional multivariate procedures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ross JH, Walsh NG (2003) ‘A census of the vascular plants of Victoria.’ (Royal Botanic Gardens: South Yarra)
Sagarin RD, Gaines SD (2002) The ‘abundant centre’ distribution: to what extent is it a biogeographical rule? Ecology Letters 5, 137–147.
| The ‘abundant centre’ distribution: to what extent is it a biogeographical rule?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sagarin RD, Gaines SD, Gaylord B (2006) Moving beyond assumptions to understand abundance distributions across the ranges of species. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21, 524–530.
| Moving beyond assumptions to understand abundance distributions across the ranges of species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Shorrocks B, Albon S, Hartley S (1998) A positive relationship between local abundance and regional occupancy is almost inevitable (but not all positive relationships are the same). Journal of Animal Ecology 67, 992–994.
| A positive relationship between local abundance and regional occupancy is almost inevitable (but not all positive relationships are the same).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sørensen R, Zinko U, Seibert J (2006) On the calculation of the topographic wetness index: evaluation of different methods based on field observations. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 10, 101–112.
| On the calculation of the topographic wetness index: evaluation of different methods based on field observations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sun D, Hnatiuk RJ, Neldner VJ (1997) Review of vegetation classification and mapping systems undertaken by major forested land management agencies in Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 45, 929–948.
| Review of vegetation classification and mapping systems undertaken by major forested land management agencies in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Swinburn ML, Fleming PA, Craig MD, Grigg AH, Garkaklis MJ, Hobbs RJ, Hardy GES (2007) The importance of grasstrees (Xanthorrhoea preissii) as habitat for mardo (Antechinus flavipes leucogaster) during post-fire recovery. Wildlife Research 34, 640–651.
| The importance of grasstrees (Xanthorrhoea preissii) as habitat for mardo (Antechinus flavipes leucogaster) during post-fire recovery.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Trivedi MR, Morecroft MD, Berry PM, Dawson TP (2008) Potential effects of climate change on plant communities in three montane nature reserves in Scotland, UK. Biological Conservation 141, 1665–1675.
| Potential effects of climate change on plant communities in three montane nature reserves in Scotland, UK.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Turnbull LA, Coomes DA, Purves DW, Rees M (2007) How spatial structure alters population and community dynamics in a natural plant community. Journal of Ecology 95, 79–89.
| How spatial structure alters population and community dynamics in a natural plant community.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
van der Maarel E (1979) Transformation of cover-abundance in phytosociology and its effects on community similarity. Vegetatio 39, 97
| Transformation of cover-abundance in phytosociology and its effects on community similarity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
van der Maarel E (2007) Transformation of cover-abundance values for appropriate numerical treatment: alternatives to the proposals by Podani. Journal of Vegetation Science 18, 767–770.
| Transformation of cover-abundance values for appropriate numerical treatment: alternatives to the proposals by Podani.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
VanDerWal J, Shoo LP, Johnson CN, Williams SE (2009) Abundance and the environmental niche: environmental suitability estimated from niche models predicts the upper limit of local abundance. American Naturalist 174, 282–291.
| Abundance and the environmental niche: environmental suitability estimated from niche models predicts the upper limit of local abundance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Walsh NG, Entwisle TJ (1994) ‘Flora of Victoria. Volume 2: ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons.’ (Inkata Press: Melbourne)
Wan L, Zhang B, Kemp P, Li X (2009) Modelling the abundance of three key plant species in New Zealand hill-pasture using a decision tree approach. Ecological Modelling 220, 1819–1825.
| Modelling the abundance of three key plant species in New Zealand hill-pasture using a decision tree approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXntVyqsrw%3D&md5=2e0a3e0c4e8d800c00581744d08a405eCAS |
Ward DJ, Lamont BB, Burrows CL (2001) Grasstrees reveal contrasting fire regimes in eucalypt forest before and after European settlement of southwestern Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 150, 323–329.
| Grasstrees reveal contrasting fire regimes in eucalypt forest before and after European settlement of southwestern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Watson M, Mullen R (2007) Understanding soil tests for plant-available phosphorus factsheet. Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
Welsh AH, Cunningham RB, Donnelly CF, Lindenmayer DB (1996) Modelling the abundance of rare species: statistical models for counts with extra zeros. Ecological Modelling 88, 297–308.
| Modelling the abundance of rare species: statistical models for counts with extra zeros.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Weste G (2001) Interaction between Phytopthora cinnamomi and Victorian native plant species growing in the wild. Australasian Mycologist 20, 64–72.
Wikum DA, Shanholtzer GF (1978) Application of the Braun-Blanquet cover-abundance scale for vegetation analysis in land development studies. Environmental Management 2, 323–329.
| Application of the Braun-Blanquet cover-abundance scale for vegetation analysis in land development studies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wintle BA, Elith J, Potts JM (2005) Fauna habitat modelling and mapping: a review and case study in the lower Hunter Central Coast Region of NSW. Austral Ecology 30, 719–738.
| Fauna habitat modelling and mapping: a review and case study in the lower Hunter Central Coast Region of NSW.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wood SN (2008) Fast stable direct fitting and smoothness selection for generalized additive models. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, Statistical Methodology 70, 495–518.
| Fast stable direct fitting and smoothness selection for generalized additive models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wood SN (2011) Fast stable restricted maximum likelihood and marginal likelihood estimation of semiparametric generalized linear models. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, Statistical Methodology 73, 3–36.
| Fast stable restricted maximum likelihood and marginal likelihood estimation of semiparametric generalized linear models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wright DH (1991) Correlations between incidence and abundance are expected by chance. Journal of Biogeography 18, 463–466.
| Correlations between incidence and abundance are expected by chance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang B, Valentine I, Kemp PD (2005) A decision tree approach modelling functional group abundance in a pasture ecosystem. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 110, 279–288.
| A decision tree approach modelling functional group abundance in a pasture ecosystem.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
