Fungal and enzymic degradation of alkaloids from the capsule of the poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)

Abstract

The ability of fungi parasitic on Papaver somniferum L. capsules, and capsule enzymes to degrade morphine, codeine, and thebaine was studied, with the aim of determining the causal factors involved in alkaloid losses from the mature capsule during rainy periods. When whole, mature capsules were inoculated with fungal spore suspensions and incubated for 21 days, Alternuria alternutu decreased dry matter and morphine yields by 12 and 48% respectively. Ernbellisia sp. caused a 30% decrease in morphine yield, but Dendryphion penicillatum and Cladosporiurn cladosporioides had no effect. Codeine and thebaine yields were not affected. Acetone powder extracts showed that mature capsule enzymes caused morphine and thebaine losses in the order of 10 and 50%, but only in the presence of p-cresol, a substrate for polyphenoloxidase. These findings, indicating the ability of fungi and enzymes to cause alkaloid losses from mature capsules during moist periods, are discussed with regard to commercial alkaloid production.