Does the immune stimulant Amplimune® modulate humoral and cytokine responses to commercial bovine respiratory disease vaccines in cattle?
A. L. Alexander![https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1238-6783](/media/client/orcid_16x16.png)
![https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5255-2187](/media/client/orcid_16x16.png)
![https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8006-9443](/media/client/orcid_16x16.png)
![https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9497-5148](/media/client/orcid_16x16.png)
![https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5881-2296](/media/client/orcid_16x16.png)
![https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5037-4703](/media/client/orcid_16x16.png)
![https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4573-7906](/media/client/orcid_16x16.png)
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Abstract
Feedlot entry can be a period of stress for cattle due to transportation, altered diets and other influences. Stress can suppress host defence mechanisms. Innate immune stimulants, such as mycobacterial cell-wall fractions, attract attention for the primary objective of enhancing non-specific immune resistance of cattle against microbial diseases during periods of stress-induced susceptibility. These stimulants are also recognised for their capacity to modify responses of the adaptive immune system to vaccines.
This study aims to evaluate the potential for mycobacterial cell-wall fractions in Amplimune® to modify adaptive immune responses to the commercial vaccines Rhinogard® (modified live bovine alphaherpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1)) and Bovilis MH + IBR® (inactivated Mannheimia haemolytica and BoHV-1) in yearling cattle during simulated feedlot induction.
Fifty-four mixed-sex Angus yearling cattle were transported for 6 h on Day −1 and on Day 0. The cattle were assigned to the following six treatment groups (n = 9/group): Rhinogard plus 2 mL Amplimune, Rhinogard plus 5 mL Amplimune, Bovilis MH + IBR plus 2 mL Amplimune, Bovilis MH + IBR plus 5 mL Amplimune, Rhinogard plus 5 mL saline, and Bovilis MH + IBR plus 5 mL saline. Blood and nasal secretions were sampled at various time points following treatment and antigen-specific antibody (immunoglobulin G) responses to components of the vaccines were assessed. Interferon-γ production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to BoHV-1, Concanavalin A or media only were assessed.
No adverse clinical reactions were observed to administration of Amplimune and vaccines. A systemic antibody response to vaccination was observed for the Bovilis MH + IBR vaccine. Vaccine-specific antibody and cytokine responses were not modified by Amplimune.
Amplimune can be administered at the same time as Rhinogard or Bovilis MH + IBR vaccines, without undesirable effects on specific immune responses to vaccination.
The primary interest in using Amplimune is to potentiate non-specific immune defences as an alternative to antibiotics for the prevention and/or treatment of microbial diseases such as bovine respiratory disease in production animals. In view of its adjuvant-like activities, administration of Amplimune might also confer beneficial or detrimental effects on antigen-specific responses of the adaptive immune system to contemporaneous vaccination.
Keywords: Amplimune, cattle, enhanced immunity, inactivated vaccine, innate immune stimulant, modified live vaccine, mycobacterial cell wall fractions, respiratory disease.
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